The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science) (63 page)

Old, R. W., 160

Orgel, L. E., 83, 156–157, 160–164

Orians, G. H., 68

Orlove, M. J., 187

Oster, G. F., 35, 47, 76

Owen, R., 31

Packard, V., 62

Park, O., 184

Park, T., 184

Parker, G. A., 41, 57, 60, 72, 118, 121, 143

Partridge, L., 152

Peakall, D. B., 198–199

Peleg, B., 222

Pittendrigh, C. S., 39, 47, 81

Pribram, K. H., 109

Price, G. R., 121

Primrose, S. B., 160

Pringle, J. W. S., 168

Pugh, G. E., 199

Pulliam, H. R., 111, 118

Pyke, G. H., 118

Raup, D. M., 107

Rayfield, L. S., 165, 167

Reed, C. F., 198–199

Reinhard, E. G., 213

Richmond, M. H., 158, 222–223

Ridley, M., 37, 57, 90, 145, 148–149, 167, 169, 171, 172

Ridpath, M. G., 27

Rose, S., 10, 14

Rothenbuhler, W. C., 25

Rothstein, S. I., 70, 155

Roux, W., 169

Sackett, G. P., 149–150

Sahlins, M., 155

Sapienza, C., 156–157, 160–164

Sargent, T. D., 147–148, 241

Schell, J., 218

Schaller, G. B., 64

Schleidt, W. M., 63

Schmidt, K. P., 184

Schmidt, R. S., 207

Schopf, T. J. M., 107

Schuster, P., 10

Schwagmeyer, P. L., 229

Seger, J., 102, 150–152

Shakespeare, W., 176

Shaw, G. B., 101, 168–169

Shelley, P. B., 63

Sheppard, P. M., 31

Sherman, P. W., 57, 74, 151–153

Sigmund, K., 10

Simberloff, D. S., 107

Simon, C., 64–65

Simon, C. M., 101, 105

Simon, H. A., 45, 251

Simpson, E., 165, 167

Simpson, G. G., 104

Sing, C. F., 89

Sivinski, J., 143

Skinner, S. K., 140–141

Slatkin, M., 65, 67, 89, 247

Slobodchikoff, C. N., 260, 261

Smith, D. C., 222–223

Sonneborn, T. M., 176–177

Southwood, T. R. E., 254

Spencer, H., 179–181

Staddon, J. E. R., 66, 110

Stamps, J., 57

Stanley, S. M., 101, 105

Stebbins, G. L., 181

Steel, E., 63

Steele, E. J., 164–177

Stent, G., 85–86

Stubblefield, J. W., 102

Symons, D., 15, 17

Syren, R. M., 144

Taylor, A. J. P., 9

Taylor, P. D., 77

Temin, H. M., 166

Templeton, A. R., 89

Thoday, J. M., 193

Thomas, L., 235

Thompson, D’Arcy, 2, 4, 107

Tinbergen, N., 2, 23–24, 36, 43, 47, 58–59

Tooby, J., 140, 177–178, 224

Trevor-Roper, H., 9

Trivers, R. L., 37, 55, 64, 74, 76–78, 135, 152, 155

Turing, A. M., 17

Turnbull, C., 7

Turner, J. R. G., 40–41

Vermeij, G., 45

Vidal, G., 46

Waddington, C. H., 44, 99, 184

Wade, M. J., 115

Waldman, B., 150–151

Wallace, A. R., 179–181

Watson, J. D., 90

Weinrich, J. D., 37–38

Weismann, A., 14, 164, 166, 169, 172

Weizenbaum, J., 17

Wenner, A. M., 31–32

Werren, J. H., 140–141

West-Eberhard, M. J., 57, 60, 185

White, M. J. D., 73

Whitham, T. G., 260, 261

Whitney, G., 144

Wickler, W., 69, 144, 213, 218, 242–243, 247

Williams, G. C., 2, 6, 20, 34, 35, 52–53, 55, 59, 81, 85, 89, 100, 105, 135, 137, 160, 183–184, 188, 206, 238, 262, 263, 287

Wilson, D. S., 115

Wilson, E. O., 1, 9, 19, 35, 37, 47, 56, 70–71, 76, 109, 111, 114–115, 193, 204, 283

Wimsatt, W., 81

Winograd, T., 16

Witt, P. N., 198–199

Wolpert, L., 203

Wright, S., 32–33, 34, 39–40, 45–46, 81, 102, 104, 108, 238–239

Wu, H. M. H., 149–150

Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 81, 82, 115

Young, J. Z., 173

Young, R. M., 19, 180

Zahavi, A., 68

abstract painting, 7

acanthocephalan worms, 216–218

Ace of Spades Fallacy, 152, 189–191

acquired characteristics, 13–14, 164–177

action at a distance, 225–248

adaptationism, 30

adaptive landscapes, 39–40, 45, 46

addicts, cuckoo hosts as, 69

adoption, 36

advertisements, 62

advocacy method, 1

Agrobacterium
, 218

allele, generalized, 97

allometry, 33

allopreening, 70

alternative stable equilibria, 41, 102–103, 244

altruism, 57, 86

altruism recognition effect, 154

ammonia, 235

ammonite extinction rates, 100

Ammophila campestris
, 49–50

Amoeba
, 83

angler fish, 55, 60–61, 66

annelid worms, ring-joining, 243

anting, bird, 43, 80

antlers, 33

antlions, pit-digging, 20

ants

brainworm-infected, 218

‘cuckoo’, 70–72

sex-ratio in, 74–78

slave, 72–74

aphids, 47, 254–255, 258

aphrodisiacs, 218, 220

aposematism, 151

architecture of complexity, 251

armpit effect, 146–147, 149–151

arms races, 55–80, 163, 264

asymmetry of, 73, 75

and orthoselection, 104

between outlaws and modifiers, 138

between sperm and father, 143

selfish DNA as product of, 162

‘winning’, 61, 64–67, 69, 71, 75

artefacts, animal, 196, 197–208, 247

genetics of, 207

artificial intelligence, 16

asexual organisms, not replicators, 97

assortative mating, 145–147

atmosphere, origin of, 235

atoms, 112–114

auditory drug, 62–63

backwards view of evolution, 93–95, 254, 257

bacteria

crown gall, 218–219

sex factor in, 160

balance of nature, 236

Baldwin Effect, 44, 169, 172

BBC Theorem, 236–238

beaver dam, 59, 200, 209, 233–234

bees

honey-, 25, 31, 43, 205, 230

sweat, 150

beetle larvae, as hosts, 215

biochemical pathways, 240

biotic adaptation, 262–263

bird of paradise, 199

bird song, as hypnosis, 62

bird’s nest, 98–99

Biston betularia
, 92, 147–148

bivalve extinction rates, 100

black-headed gull, 23–24

blackmail, 79

blacksmith’s arms, 170

blind chance, 168–169

blueprint metaphor, 174–175

Bothriomyrmex decapitans
, 70

Bothriomyrmex regicidus
, 70

bottleneck, developmental, 254, 258, 261

bower birds, 199–200

brain

as computer, 17–18

size evolution, 34

stimulation of, 62, 70

transplantation of, 3

brainworm, 62, 218

British Broadcasting Corporation, 101, 165, 236

brood parasitism, 67–72

Bruce Effect, 229–232

bryozoan, colonial, 253

budgerigar, song, 63

butterflies, Müllerian mimicry in, 40–41

caddis larva, house, 197–198, 212

cake analogy, 117, 175

canary, song, 63–64

cancer, 162

castration, parasitic, 213–216, 225

caterpillars, lupin-mimicking, 244, 246

cause and effect, 11, 186, 195

cellular ecology, 222–223

cellular parasites, 226

central dogma, 97

of embryology, 173–176

of molecular genetics, 168

central theorem

of extended phenotype, 233, 248

of sociobiology, 5, 55, 58, 233

centriole, 160

Cepaea nemoralis
, 31

characteristic length, 89

chemical gradients, 203

Cheshire Cat, 223

chess, computer, 16, 129–130

chimpanzee, green beard, 154

chips, electronic, 9

chloroplasts, 222–223

chromosomes

gavotte of, 134–135, 159

number in social insects, 151–153

as units of selection, 89, 95

cicadas

cooperative mimicry in, 243–246, 247

periodical, 64–65

cipher gene, 192

cistron, 81, 86, 252

cleaner fish, 155

clonal selection, 166–172

coadaptation, 107–108, 239–247

coadapted genome, 93, 111, 169, 171

coefficient of relationship

exact vs probabilistic, 190

fraction vs probability, 152, 189–190

in Hymenoptera, 191–192

colour vision, 31

common cold, 220

communication, 59

compass termites, 200

complex adaptations

clonal selection of, 171

and recurrent life cycles, 258–259

and species selection, 106–108

compromise, 47, 248

computer time, as commodity, 119

computers

lost program, 118–119

mythology of, 9, 14–18

Concorde Fallacy, 48

contraception, 36

cooperative genes, 93, 117, 239–247, 263–264

cooperative mimicry, 242–246, 247

Cope’s Rule, 100, 105

coreplicon, 140

cork analogy, 103–104

correlation

adaptive, 107, 172

incidental, 107

costs, 46–50, 66, 71, 124, 129

coupled oscillators, 168

cowbirds, 68, 70

crickets, 59–60, 62–63

crossing-over

as limit to ‘fidelity’, 88

within-cistron, 90

crown gall, 218–219

crustacea, parasitic, 214, 215, 225

cuckoo paradox, 67–70

cuckoos, 54, 55, 57, 94, 226–227, 232, 247

selfish DNA analogy with, 162

sex chromosomes of, 94–95

currency conversion, 47

C-value paradox, 157

dandelions, clones of, 254

decision, 250

deer

antlers, 33

reproductive success, 129, 183

democratic insects, 205–206

determinism, 10, 15

genetic, 9–14

developmentally stable strategy (DSS), 131

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
, 218

differences, genetic, 21–23, 112, 195

differentiation, 252

digger wasps, 43, 118, 121–132

Concorde Fallacy committed by, 48–50

joint nesting of, 123–124

outcomes of strategies by, 124–128

payoffs to, 124

dirty tricks, 56

diving bee, 216

dominance, evolution of, 35, 137

drawing board, 259, 262, 264

drift, genetic, 32–33

paradoxically improving adaptation, 40

driving sex chromosomes, 78, 139–141, 143

Drosophila

segregation distorter genes in, 136

homeotic mutants of, 203–204

drugs, 62, 70–71, 73

ducks, as hosts, 216–217

dyslexia, 23

ecological web, 234–237

Ecologist, The
(journal), 235

edible frog, 73–74

eggshell removal, 23–24, 43

electroencephalograph (EEG), 62

elephants, as heavy plant and machinery, 254

embedded genes, 86

embryology

distinct from genetics, 98–99, 116–117, 197

irreversibility of, 174–176

endosymbionts, 222

engineering optimal design, 46

environmental unpredictability, 53–54

epistasis, 209

equilibrium, 41, 102–103, 244

escape from specialization, 40

eusociality, 75

as adaptation of termite gut-symbionts, 207

evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), 102–103

in digger wasps, 120–132

in parasites, 211, 216

evolvors, 83

exon, 86

experience of a gene, 93

extended genetics, 229

beaver dam, 200, 233–234

Bruce Effect, 231

caddis house, 197–198, 212

fluke and snail, 212, 221, 226, 227

spider web, 198–199.

termite mound, 200–206

extinction, 65, 100

eye, 171

femmes fatales
, fireflies, 60

fertilizer analogy, 127–128

fighting, 119–120

fireflies, 60

fitness, 110, 133, 144, 179–194

classical, 183, 186

direct vs indirect, 193–194

of genotype, 182

inclusive, 5, 7, 55, 80, 153, 185–187

of lineage, 193

mean, of population, 193

neighbour-modulated, 187

non-technical usage, 181

personal, 187–188

flatfish, 39

flax, resistance to rust, 247

flowers, mimics of, 243–244, 246, 247

flukes, 210–213, 218, 224, 226–227

footprints, 206, 234

fox, 65

free lunch, no such thing as, 47

French Revolution, 84

frequency-dependent selection, 67, 121–123, 136, 155, 240–247

frogs, 63, 73–74

fundamentalism, 51, 101–102, 171

Gaia hypothesis, 234–237

galls, 218–219

game theory, 77, 120–132, 155

Gammarus lacustris
, 216–218

gannet, clutch size, 35

gavotte of chromosomes, 134–135, 159

gemmules, 167

gene manipulation, 160

gene-pool, as replicator, 108

genes

problems of definition, 85–86, 89

jumping, 159, 165, 170

as units of selection, 18, 82

genet, 254

genetic determinism, 9–14

genetic engineering, 160

genetic label, 143–144

genetic variation, used up by selection, 21

gens (pl. ‘gentes’), 68

germ-line, 83, 164, 166–169, 254–255

giraffe’s neck, 39, 171–172

God, 51–52, 181

gold atoms, 84–85

gorilla, green beard, 154

gradualism, 103–104

green-beard effect, 143–155

and outlaws, 148–149

group selection, 6, 50–51, 82, 85, 114–115, 134–135, 184

Gaian, 236

of mammary glands and uterus, 184

Panglossian, 50–51

of parasites, 215

and signals, 58

and species selection, 106

as vehicle selection, 114

growth and reproduction, 255–258