The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science) (62 page)

recessiveness
Opposite of dominance (q.v.).

recon
The minimum unit of recombination. One of several different definitions of gene, but, like muton, it has not yet received sufficient currency to be usable without simultaneous definition.

replicator
Any entity in the universe of which copies are made.
Chapter 5
contains an extended discussion of replicators, and a classification of active/passive, and germ-line/dead-end replicators.

reproductive value
A demographic technical term, a measure of an individual’s expected number of future (female) children.

segregation distorter
A gene whose phenotypic effect is to influence meiosis so that the gene has a greater than 50 per cent chance of ending up in a successful gamete.
See also
meiotic drive.

selfish
See
altruism.

sex chromosome
A special chromosome concerned with the determination of sex. In mammals there are two sex chromosomes called X and Y. Males have the genotype XY, females XX. All eggs therefore bear one X chromosome, but sperms may bear either one X (in which case the sperm will give rise to a daughter) or one Y (in which case the sperm will give rise to a son). The male sex is therefore referred to as heterogametic, the female as homogametic. Birds have a very similar system, except that males are homogametic (the equivalent of XX) and females heterogametic (the equivalent of XY). Genes carried on sex chromosomes are called ‘sex-linked’. This is sometimes confused (e.g. page 10) with ‘sex-limited’, which means having expression in one sex or the other (not necessarily carried on sex chromosomes).

somatic
Literally pertaining to the body. In biology it is used for the mortal part of the body, as opposed to the germ-line.

speciation
The process of evolutionary divergence whereby two species are produced from one ancestral species.

species selection
The theory that some evolutionary change takes place by a form of natural selection at the level of species or lineages. If species with certain qualities are more likely to go extinct than species with other qualities, large-scale evolutionary trends in the direction of the favoured qualities may result. These favoured qualities at the species level may in theory have nothing to do with the qualities that are favoured by selection within species.
Chapter 6
argues that although species selection may account for some simple major trends, it cannot account for the evolution of complex adaptation
(see
Paley’s watch, and macroevolution). The theory of species selection in this sense comes from a different historical tradition from the theory of group selection (q.v.) of altruistic traits, and the two are distinguished in
Chapter 6
.

stasis
In evolutionary theory, a period during which no evolutionary change takes place.
See also
gradualism.

strategy
Like ‘altruism’, used by ethologists in a special sense, almost misleadingly distantly related to its common usage. It was imported from game theory into biology in the theory of evolutionarily stable strategies (q.v.), where it is essentially synonymous with ‘program’ in the computer sense, and means a preprogrammed rule that an animal obeys. This meaning is precise, but unfortunately strategy has become a much abused buzz-word, and is now bandied about as a trendy synonym for ‘behaviour pattern’. All individuals of a population might follow the strategy ‘If small flee, if large attack’; an observer would then observe two behaviour patterns, fleeing and attacking, but he would be wrong to call them two strategies: both behaviour patterns are manifestations of the same conditional strategy.

survival value
The quality for which a characteristic was favoured by natural selection.

symbiosis
The intimate living together (with mutual dependence) of members of different species. Some modern textbooks omit the mutual dependence proviso, and understand symbiosis to include parasitism (in parasitism, only one side, the parasite, is dependent on the other, the host, which would be better off alone). Such textbooks use
mutualism
in place of symbiosis as defined above.

symphylic substance
Chemical substance used by social insect colony parasites (e.g. beetles) to influence the behaviour of their hosts.

teleonomy
The science of adaptation. In effect, teleonomy is teleology made respectable by Darwin, but generations of biologists have been schooled to avoid
‘teleology’ as though it were an incorrect construction in Latin grammar, and many feel more comfortable with a euphemism. Not much thought has been given to what the science of teleonomy will consist of, but some of its major preoccupations will presumably be the questions of units of selection, and of costs and other constraints on perfection. This book is an essay in teleonomy.

tetraploid
Having four of each chromosome type rather than the more usual two (diploid) or one (haploid). New species of plants are sometimes formed by a doubling of chromosomes to tetraploidy, but subsequently the species behaves like an ordinary diploid which happens to have twice as many chromosomes as a closely related species, and it is convenient to consider it diploid for most purposes.
Chapter 11
suggests that although individual termites are diploid, the whole termite nest may be regarded as the extended phenotypic product of a tetraploid genotype.

vehicle
Used in this book for any relatively discrete entity, such as an individual organism, which houses replicators (q.v.), and which can be regarded as a machine programmed to preserve and propagate the replicators that ride inside it.

Weismannism
The doctrine of a rigid separation between an immortal germ-line and the succession of mortal bodies which house it. In particular the doctrine that the germ-line may influence the form of the body, but not the other way around.
See also
central dogma.

zygote
The cell that is the immediate product of sexual fusion between two gametes.

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