The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (109 page)

Bombay, India,
28
–29,
30

Bonadonna, Gianni,
220
–21,
222
,
228

Bone, Homer,
25
,
26

bone marrow:

biopsies of,
7
,
17
–18,
36
,
147

as blood cell factory,
17
–18,
29
,
309
,
407
,
458

effect of nitrogen mustard on,
88
,
90

leukemia in,
35
,
136
,
306
–7

bone marrow transplants,
398
–99,
421

allogeneic,
309
,
434
–35,
437

bone marrow transplants, autologous (ABMTs),
308
,
309
–10

Bezwoda’s claimed successes with,
323
–24,
326
–37

Bezwoda’s falsified data on,
327
–28

dearth of clinical trials for,
325
–26

escalating use of,
321
–27

legal mandates for,
325

lethal complications associated with,
326
,
328

secondary cancer as risk of,
325
,
328

STAMP protocol for,
310
,
311
–15,
320
,
325
,
326
,
328
–29

bone tumors (osteosarcomas),
43

bortezomib (Velcade),
443

Boston Braves,
97
–99,
102
,
172

Boston Red Sox,
102
,
172

Botstein, David,
418
,
427

Boveri, Theodor,
341
–42,
343
,
348
,
350
,
365
,
366
,
390

Boyd, Norman,
299

Bradfield, Barbara,
419
–22,
454

brain:

radiation therapy and,
127

as “sanctuary” for leukemia,
127
,
146
–47,
442

brain cancer:

genomes of,
450
–52

radiation therapy for,
77

surgical removal of,
71
–72

Brandt, Allan,
242

BRCA-1 gene,
381
,
457
,
464

BRCA-2 gene,
457
,
464

breast cancer:

adjuvant chemotherapy for,
220
–21,
222
,
402
,
464

as age-related,
302

of Atossa,
5
,
41
–42,
463
–65

bone marrow transplants and,
312
–13,
314
,
320
,
321
–29

chemotherapy for,
122
–23,
162
,
232
,
306
,
308
–9,
329
,
427
–28

cure rate of,
233
,
326

ER-positive vs. ER-negative,
215
,
221
,
222
–23,
456
,
464

genomes of,
450
,
451
,
457
,
464

Halsted and,
6
,
23
,
60
,
64
–69,
70
–71,
73
,
78
,
173
,
193
–95,
196
,
197
,
198
,
218
,
225
,
291
,
463

Her-2
positive,
413
–22,
423
–29,
454
,
464

heritability of,
346
,
381

hormonal therapies for,
214
–17,
218
,
221
–22,
456
,
464
,
466

inflammatory,
41
–44

local surgery (lumpectomy) combined with radiation for,
195
–96,
197
,
201
,
464

metastasis of,
67
,
76
,
161
,
197
,
217
,
218
,
221
,
302
–3,
314
,
322
,
325
,
329
,
419
,
422
,
424
,
463
,
465

mortality rates in,
296
,
297
,
300
–301,
401
–2,
465

radiation therapy for,
75
–76,
77
,
158
,
161
,
195
–96,
201
,
464

relapses of,
64
,
66
–69,
197
,
208
,
221
,
329
,
419

remissions in,
217
,
222
,
314
,
454
,
456

risk of,
44
,
303
,
457
–58

screening and,
457
,
464
;
see also
mammography

stages of,
67
,
218
,
222
,
428
,
463
,
464

surgeons as dominating field of,
219

surgery on,
58
,
59
,
62
,
195
–96,
197
,
201
,
402
,
456
,
464
;
see also
mastectomies

targeted therapies for,
413
–22,
443
,
454
,
464
,
465

as unmentionable topic,
26
–27

Breast Cancer Action (BCA),
425
–26

Breast Cancer Action Newsletter
, 423

Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP),
296
–98,
302

Breast Cancer Symposium,
320

breast exams,
295
n

breast MRIs,
457
,
464

Brenner, Sydney,
345

Brian’s Song
, 181

Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
30
,
189

Bristol-Myers Squibb,
442

British American Tobacco,
274

British Medical Journal
, 246

broadcast media:

cigarette advertising on,
265
–67

fairness doctrine for,
265
–66,
267

Broder, Samuel,
135

Brodeur, Paul,
267

bronchogenic carcinoma,
244

Brown, John,
60

Brown & Williamson,
273

Brugge, Joan,
358

Brunschwig, Alexander,
70
–71

Buchdunger, Elisabeth,
433
,
435

Buffleben, Gracia,
423
,
425

Burchenal, Joseph,
92
,
130
,
132
,
167
n
, 184,
338

Burdette, Walter,
261

Burkitt, Denis,
174
–75

Burkitt’s lymphoma,
174
–75,
207

Burroughs Wellcome laboratory,
91
,
92

Burstein, Harold,
447

Burton, Robert,
335

Bush, Vannevar,
118
–21,
122
,
183
,
404

BusinessWeek
, 111

BVP regimen,
205

Byron, George Gordon, Lord,
38

Cairns, John,
227
–29,
231
,
350

California, University of:

at Los Angeles (UCLA),
415
,
417
,
418
,
420
–21,
424

at San Francisco (UCSF),
359
–60,
418
,
424

Calvino, Italo,
412

Camel cigarettes,
268

Canadian National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS),
298
–300,
302

cancer:

Achilles’ heels of,
405
–7,
443

adaptability of,
38
,
387

as age-related disease,
6
,
44
,
230
,
300
–303

in ancient world,
40
–42,
43
–44,
47
–49

causes of,
see
carcinogenesis

cell growth in,
see
hyperplasia, pathological

centrifugal theory of,
194
–95,
199

chemotherapy for,
see
chemotherapy

children with,
123
,
331

as clonal disease,
39

commonalities of,
333

detection of,
44

as doppelgänger,
38
–39

drug resistance in,
441
–43

Galen’s theory of,
48
–50,
53
–54,
55
,
79
,
90
,
214
,
238
,
281
,
342
,
434
,
463

hallmarks of,
390
–92,
407
,
443
,
449

heritability of,
253
,
346
–47,
381

heterogeneity of,
390
,
465

as iconic “modern” illness,
38
,
241

immortality of,
6
,
312
,
458
–59

increasing rate of,
24

limitless replicative potential of,
391

local to systemic progression of,
405

as metaphor for social and political ills,
182
–83

metastasis of,
see
metastasis, metastases

as migratory,
386
,
387
,
388
,
391
,
442
,
467

morphological change in cells of,
288
–89

mortality rates of,
see
mortality rates, of cancer

mutation in,
see
mutation, genetic

natural anatomy distorted by,
59

as “normal,”
449
,
459

origin of term,
47

perceived as infectious,
175

perceived as single disease,
155
,
173
,
332
–33

presymptomatic stages of,
290

in public discourse,
111
–13,
181
–83

radiation as cause of,
77
–78,
173

radiation therapy for,
see
radiation therapy

Red Queen syndrome and,
443
,
444
,
446
,
470

relative malignancy of,
292

as resistant to cell death signals,
391
,
402
,
407

as revealed by longevity,
44

six-degrees-of-separation rule for,
412

smoking and,
see
tobacco-cancer link

social challenge of,
447

social change as affecting incidence of,
44
–45

specificity of,
80
–81,
84
–88,
90
–92,
210
,
222
,
433

stages of,
55
,
67
,
160
–61,
163
,
164
–65,
289
,
290
,
384
–86,
463

surgery for,
see
surgery

survival rates of,
292
–93

as systemic disease,
79
,
80
,
138
,
172
,
405

targeted therapies for,
see
targeted therapies

tumors,
see
tumors

see also
specific cancers

Cancer: The Evolutionary Legacy
, 46

“Cancer: The Great Darkness,”
23
–24

Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB),
320

Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC),
122

Cancer Genome Atlas,
450
–54

Cancer Genome Atlas consortium,
450
–51

cancer patients:

access to experimental therapies demanded by,
319
,
321
–23,
423
–26

doctors’ relationships with,
199
,
202
,
209
,
306
–8,
449

identity of, as obliterated by cancer,
4
,
398

and Internet chat rooms,
438
,
467

“seventh sense” of,
2

side effects and,
209
,
305
–6

stigmatization of,
126
,
316

cancer prevention,
229
–30,
233
–34,
238
–39,
242
,
281
,
455
–58

Ames test and,
278
,
303
,
455
–56

Auerbach’s research and,
258
–59,
284
,
286
,
289

primary vs. secondary,
290

risk factors and,
44
,
276
,
303
,
445
–46,
455
–57

screening in,
see
screening

smoking and,
see
tobacco-cancer link

social networks and,
445
–46

understanding of carcinogenesis as critical to,
284
–85,
303

cancer registry,
227
–28

cancer research:

boldness vs. caution in,
130
,
137
–38,
139
,
140
,
144
,
164
,
166
,
167
,
208
,
310