The Devil Soldier (52 page)

one history: Ralph D. Paine, in his
Ships and Sailors of Old Salem
(Boston: Charles G. Lauriat, 1924), p.422.

Macgowan: Macgowan, p.102.

3.
Ward’s trip to Beverly: Rantoul, p.9.

4.
Charles Schmidt: writing as P.C., Schmidt published “Memoirs of the Late General Ward, the Hero of Sung-Kiang, and of his Aide-de-Camp Vincente Macanaya” in
Friend of China
in 1863; this quotation is on p.2 (hereafter Schmidt, P.C.).

5.
assessments by Ward’s peers: Rantoul, pp.16–17.

6.
the Chinese tracts: John L. Nevins, trans., “A Death Blow to Corrupt Doctrines: A Plain Statement of Facts” (Shanghai, 1870), pp.11–13 (hereafter Nevins).

7.
a British officer: J. Lamprey, in his “The Economy of the Chinese Army,”
Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
, vol. 11, no. 46 (1867), p.406.

8.
one honest mandarin: Henry McAleavy,
The Modern History of China
(New York: Praeger, 1967), p.45 (hereafter McAleavy).

9.
one official: McAleavy, p.46.

10.
the Chinese on war with Britain: McAleavy, pp.49–50.

11.
one American official: S. Wells Williams, quoted in Tyler Dennett,
Americans in Eastern Asia
(New York: Macmillan, 1922), p.322.

12.
one Chinese pamphlet: Nevins, pp.10, 18

Meadows: Meadows, p.121.

13.
one Garibaldi biographer: Denis Mack Smith, in his
Garibaldi
(New York: Knopf, 1953), p.51.

14.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., pp.2–3.

15.
Hung’s rantings: Eugene Powers Boardman,
Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion
(New York: Octagon Books, 1972), p.13 (hereafter Boardman).

16.
Issachar Roberts: Meadows, p.192.

17.
anti-Manchu broadsides: McAleavy, p.71.

18.
Hung: Boardman, pp.66, 79.

19.
one anti-Christian pamphleteer: Nevins, p.36.

one modern Taiping expert: Boardman, p.126.

20.
Richard Harding Davis: in his
Real Soldiers of Fortune
(New York: Scribner’s, 1906), p.202 (hereafter Davis).

21.
“extravagant humor”: Edward Wallace,
Destiny and Glory
(New York: Coward and McCann, 1957), p.150.

Davis: Davis, p.202.

one deserter: Arthur Woodward,
The Republic of Lower California, 1853–1854
(Los Angeles: Dawson’s, 1966), p.67.

22.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., p.3.

Rantoul: Rantoul, p.23.

23.
Humphrey Marshall: Foster Rhea Dulles,
China and America: The Story of Their Relations Since 1784
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946), p.49 (hereafter Dulles).

President Franklin Pierce: Dulles, p.50.

Marshall’s reverse: Dulles, p.51.

24.
Ward on usurpation: This comment is contained in one of the two surviving letters from Ward to Anson Burlingame, American minister to China. This letter is dated August 16, 1862, and can be found among the Burlingame Papers in the Library of Congress.

one Canton official: Dulles, p.46.

the reply to McLane: Dulles, p.56.

25.
Elizabeth Ward: Rantoul, p.24.

Hayes: in his “An American Soldier in China,”
Atlantic Monthly
, 57 (1886), p.195 (hereafter Hayes, “Soldier”).

26.
William S. Wetmore: in his
Recollections of Life in the Far East
(Shanghai, 1894), p.33.

27.
one British officer: Charles George Gordon, quoted in Richard J. Smith,
Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever-Victorious Army in Nineteenth Century China
(Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978), p.85 (hereafter Smith,
Mercenaries
).

one English official: Chaloner Alabaster, in a memorandum enclosed in a dispatch from Consul W. H. Medhurst to Lord Russell, February 4, 1863.
British Parliamentary Papers
(hereafter
BPP
), vol. 63, 1864 (3295).

28.
Ward on Lincoln and Davis, Ward on “the fate of war”: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

CHAPTER III

1.
at least one authority: Robert Harry Detrick, in his unpublished dissertation, “Henry Andrea Burgevine in China: A Biography” (University of Indiana, 1968), p.16 (hereafter Detrick).

2.
Burgevine: Detrick, p.13.

Burgevine: Detrick, pp.14–15.

3.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.104.

Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

one contemporary Shanghai author: An anonymous author with an apparently detailed knowledge of Ward and his corps wrote
The Suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in the Departments Around Shanghai
(Shanghai: Kelly & Co., 1871), p. ii (hereafter
Suppression
).

4.
Lord Elgin: quoted in John S. Gregory,
Great Britain and the Taipings
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p.80 (hereafter Gregory).

5.
the Chinese request: as recalled by W. A. P. Martin and quoted in Marina Warner,
The Dragon Empress
(New York: Atheneum, 1972), p.48 (hereafter Warner).

6.
John Ward: Dulles, p.60.

Ward the “tribute bearer”: Warner, p.49.

7.
Tseng Kuo-fan: McAleavy, p.75.

8.
one Westerner: Mary C. Wright,
The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957), p.74 (hereafter Wright).

Tseng: McAleavy, p.75.

9.
the
Herald: NCH
, October 31, 1868.

10.
Tseng: Smith,
Mercenaries
, p.47.

one American diplomat: George F. Seward, whose “Comments on Li Hung-chang” of September 21, 1894, can be found among his papers at the New-York Historical Society.

11.
Alabaster: Medhurst to Russell, February 4, 1863, enclosed,
BPP
, vol. 63, 1864 (3295).

Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., p.6.

12.
one Ward biographer: Elliot Paul Carthage, Jr., in his unpublished dissertation, “The Role of Frederick Townsend Ward in the Suppression of the Taiping Rebellion” (St. John’s University, 1976), p.64.

13.
anonymous:
Suppression
, p. i.

14.
one observer:
Suppression
, p. ii.

15.
one British observer: William Mesny, quoted in Hallett Abend,
The God from the West
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1947), p.120 (hereafter Abend). Abend, a
New York Times
correspondent in China, had a journalist’s penchant for embellishment, and his biography of Ward must be used with care.

Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., p.7.

one contemporary’s assessment:
Suppression
, p. i.

16.
Albert L. Freeman: quoted in Richard J. Smith’s dissertation, “Barbarian Officers of Imperial China” (University of California at Davis, 1972), p.67 (hereafter Smith, Dissertation).

17.
Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” p.196; Hayes, “Chapter,” p.520.

18.
Wilson: Wilson, p.127.

one of Ward’s successors: Charles George Gordon, quoted in Smith,
Mercenaries
, pp.129–130.

19.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.105.

20.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.104.

Ward: Ward to Burlingame, August 16, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

21.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., “Vincente Macanaya,” the second part of Schmidt’s pieces for
Friend of China
, p.3 (hereafter Schmidt, P.C., “Vincente”).

22.
Meadows on execution: Meadows to Bruce, July 5, 1860,
Foreign Office
(hereafter
FO
)
228/291
.

Meadows to Smith, Ojea: Enclosures 1 and 2, in Meadows to Bruce, July 5, 1860,
FO 228/291
.

23.
Meadows to Bruce: Meadows to Bruce, July 5, 1860,
FO 228/291
.

24.
Ward: Ward to Burlingame, September 10, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

one expert: Prescott Clarke, in Prescott Clarke and Frank H. H. King, eds,
A Research Guide to China Coast Newspapers
(Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, 1965), p.8.

25.
the
Herald: NCH
, July 14, 21, 1860.

26.
Ward: Ward to Burlingame, September 10, 1862, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

27.
Palmerston: see Kenneth Bourne,
The Foreign Policy of Victorian England
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), pp.274–275.

28.
Lindley: Lindley, vol. 1, pp. vii–viii.

the Chung Wang: Curwen, pp.134–135.

Wilson: Wilson, pp.56–57.

29.
Lindley: Lindley, vol. 2, pp.585–586.

30.
one visitor:
Suppression
, p.17.

Lindley: Lindley, vol. 1, pp.345–346.

31.
the Kan Wang: in Walter Lay, trans.,
The Kan Wang’s Sketch of the Rebellion
(Shanghai: North China Herald Office, 1865), p.6 (hereafter Lay).

32.
Wilson: Wilson, p.63.

33.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., pp.8–9.

34.
the Chung Wang: Curwen, p.119.

J. F. C. Fuller: J. F. C. Fuller,
Grant and Lee
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957), p.250.

35.
Bogle: Rantoul, p.51.

36.
“come on, boys”: This line may well be apocryphal, but it was commonly repeated and became standard in popular treatments of Ward’s life.

37.
the
Herald: NCH
, July 21, 1860.

38.
Lone expert: Curwen, p.14.

CHAPTER IV

1.
John Hinton: Enclosure 4 in Bruce to Russell, May 23, 1861, “Deposition of John Hinton, May 2, 1861,”
BPP
, vol. 63, 1862.

2.
one observer: quoted in William Sykes,
The Taeping Rebellion in China:

3.
Its Origin, Progress and Present Condition
(London: Warren Hall & Co., 1863), p.56 (hereafter Sykes).

4.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.120.

Wu Hsü:
WHTA
, pp.138–141.

5.
Macgowan: Macgowan, p.120.

Schmidt: in his “A Note on Ward’s Character,” which can be found in
Dispatches of U.S. Consuls in Shanghai
(hereafter
DUSCS
), microfilm 112, roll 5, record group 59, National Archives.

Macgowan: Macgowan, p.120.

6.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., “Vincente,” p.2.

the
Herald: NCH
, August 4, 1860.

7.
Consul Smith: enclosure 3 in Meadows to Bruce, August 6, 1860,
FO 228/292
.

Meadows: Meadows to Bruce, August 6, 1860,
FO 228/292
.

8.
Wilson: Wilson, p.64.

9.
the Chung Wang: Curwen, p.118.

10.
Schmidt: Schmidt, P.C., “Vincente,” p.2.

11.
Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” p.194.

12.
the Chung Wang:
NCH
, August 18, 1860.

13.
the
Herald: NCH
, August 18, 1860.

14.
the
Herald: NCH
, August 25, 1860.

15.
Hayes: Hayes, “Soldier,” p.195.

16.
angry Westerner:
NCH
, August 25, 1860.

the
Herald: NCH
, August 25, 1860.

17.
the Chung Wang: Lindley, vol. 1, p.283.

18.
Bruce: Bruce to Russell, September 4, 1860,
BPP
, vol. 63, 1861.

19.
letter:
NCH
, August 18, 1860.

20.
Wu: enclosure in Meadows to Bruce, September 28, 1860,
FO 228/292
.

21.
Meadows: Meadows to Bruce, September 28, 1860,
FO 228/292
.

22.
the
Herald: NCH
, October 27, 1860.

23.
Hsien-feng: Warner, p.51.

24.
Manchu officials: Warner, p.53.

Prince Kung: McAleavy, p.100.

25.
Gordon: Paul Charrier,
Gordon of Khartoum
(New York: Lancer, 1965), p.26.