The Defence of the Realm (196 page)

9
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 144
,
259
. The JIC reported in October 1989 that there had been no report of ANO involvement in ‘any international terrorist attacks' since an attack on a Greek cruise ship fifteen months earlier. Security Service Archives.

10
 See above,
p. 730
.

11
 Security Service Archives.

12
 Security Service Archives.

13
 See above,
pp. 648
,
691
.

14
 Frank,
Indira
,
pp. 480
–
83
,
492
–
4
,
498
–
9
.

15
 Security Service Archives.

16
 Security Service Archives.

17
 Security Service Archives.

18
 Security Service Archives.

19
 Moloney,
Secret History of the IRA
,
pp. 3
–
6
.

20
 Security Service Archives.

21
 Taylor,
Provos
,
pp. 277
–
8
.

22
 Security Service Archives.

23
 Information from Sir Stephen Lander.

24
 Security Service Archives.

25
 Recollections of Sir Patrick Walker.

26
 Taylor,
Brits
,
pp. 251
–
3
. Taylor concludes, ‘If there had been a “Brit” conspiracy to get rid of Stalker (which I do not believe), then appointing Colin Sampson as his successor, in the expectation that he would collude in a cover-up, was a major mistake. This is one of the main reasons why the conspiracy theory does not hold water.'

27
 Bolton,
Death on the Rock
,
pp. 189
–
91
.

28
 Security Service Archives.

29
 Eckert,
Fatal Encounter
,
pp. 13
–
14
.

30
 Ibid.,
p. 11
.

31
 Security Service Archives.

32
 Security Service Archives.

33
 Eckert,
Fatal Encounter
,
pp. 14
,
19
,
21
.

34
 
The Windlesham/Rampton Report
,
pp. 103
–
7
. Unsurprisingly, given the sudden, confusing and shocking nature of the shootings, there were differences in witness accounts.

35
 See above, p. 000.

36
 
The Windlesham/Rampton Report
,
pp. 45
–
7
,
81
–
2
,
86
–
8
. The
World in Action
team,
reliance on a mistaken version of Spanish surveillance given them by some of the Spanish authorities.

37
 Transcript of ‘Death on the Rock', 28 April 1988;
The Windlesham/Rampton Report
,
pp. 47
–
8
.

38
 See, e.g., Taylor,
Brits
,
p. 282
. Among other errors of fact in ‘Death on the Rock' was the assertion (for which no evidence was given) that ‘Mary Parkin' (Siobhan O'Hanlon), wrongly described as the ‘fourth member' of a three-person ASU, returned to the Rock on 1 March, only five days before the shootings and several days after she had in fact returned to Ireland. Transcript of ‘Death on the Rock', 28 April 1988;
The Windlesham/Rampton Report
,
p. 41
.

39
 Security Service Archives.

40
 Security Service Archives.

41
 Bolton,
Death on the Rock
,
p. 300
.

42
 Security Service Archives.

43
 Security Service Archives.

44
 Security Service Archives.

45
 See below,
pp. 772
,
773
–
4
.

46
 Security Service Archives.

47
 Security Service Archives.

48
 Security Service Archives.

49
 Security Service Archives; additional information from Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller.

50
 Security Service Archives.

51
 Security Service Archives. The Scottish Lord Advocate, Lord Fraser of Carmyllie, who had ultimate responsibility for the Lockerbie investigation, recalls that evidence that the clothing had been bought in Malta by Al Megrahi laid the foundation of the Crown case: ‘For me that was the most significant breakthrough.' Interview with Lord Fraser,
The Times
, 19 Dec. 2008.

52
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

53
 Naftali,
Blind Spot
,
p. 220
.

54
 A first appeal by Al Megrahi was unsuccessful. He later abandoned a second appeal. In August 2009 he was freed from prison in Scotland on compassionate grounds and returned to Libya.

55
 Security Service Archives.

56
 Security Service Archives.

57
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 216
.

58
 Bew and Gillespie,
Northern Ireland
,
p. 236
.

59
 Security Service Archives.

60
 On the less successful operations of the early 1980s, see above,
pp. 697
–
8
.

61
 Security Service Archives. Peter Eamon Maguire, a senior, long-standing member of PIRA's Engineering Department based in Dublin who worked as a technician for Aer Lingus, escaped arrest and went on the run before being extradited to the USA five years later. Maguire was convicted in 1995.

62
 Security Service Archives. This retrospective 1989 report wrongly gives 1985 as the date when the attempt began to trace the order for the fifty switches. The FBI's bid to question Johnson about them in 1984 demonstrates that the attempt began a year earlier.

63
 Security Service Archives.

64
 Security Service Archives.

65
 Security Service Archives. The main reason for the arrest may have been more prosaic. Since Johnson had discovered he was under close surveillance, failure to arrest him at once would have allowed him to warn his PIRA associates. Arrest warrants were rapidly issued for his associates.

66
 Security Service Archives.

67
 Security Service Archives.

68
 Security Service Archives.

69
 Security Service Archives.

70
 Thatcher,
Downing Street Years
,
pp. 414
–
15
.

71
 Security Service Archives.

72
 Security Service Archives.

73
 Security Service Archives.

74
 Security Service Archives.

75
 Security Service Archives.

76
 Security Service Archives.

77
 Security Service Archives.

78
 Security Service Archives.

79
 Security Service Archives.

80
 Security Service Archives.

Chapter 11: The Origins of the Security Service Act

1
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 15 Dec. 1924, col. 674.

2
 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence',
p. 11
.

3
 See above,
pp. 634
–
41
.

4
 Wilson,
Governance of Britain
, ch. 9.

5
 On Callaghan's dissatisfaction with Service management, see above,
pp. 552
,
554
.

6
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 28 July 1977, col. 1223.

7
 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence'.

8
 Security Service Archives.

9
 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence'. In January 1983 Philip Aldridge was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. He admitted at his trial that as a twenty-year-old lance corporal in military intelligence he had tried to contact the Soviet embassy in the previous year.

10
 Lustgarten and Leigh,
In from the Cold
,
p. 69
.

11
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 12 March 1985, col. 170.

12
 Ibid., col. 151. Wood, ‘Construction of Parliamentary Accountability for the British Intelligence Community'.

13
 Hooper,
Official Secrets
,
pp. 174
–
9
.

14
 Ibid.,
pp. 179
–
81
.

15
 See above,
p. 675
.

16
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 12 March 1985, cols 168, 169, 203, 227; cited by Wood, ‘Construction of Parliamentary Accountability for the British Intelligence Community'.

17
 Security Service Archives.

18
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 194
–
5
.

19
 Recollections of former and current members of the Security Service.

20
 European Court of Human Rights, Leander Case (10/1985/96/144), 26 March 1987, para. 50. Wood, ‘Construction of Parliamentary Accountability for the British Intelligence Community'.

21
 European Court of Human Rights, Leander Case (10/1985/96/144), 26 March 1987, para. 51.

22
 Ibid., para. 60.

23
 Rose,
Elusive Rothschild
,
pp. 241
–
58
.

24
 Security Service Archives.

25
 Security Service Archives. The Legal Adviser reported that the Service was ‘reasonably satisfied' that Wright was Pincher's ‘main and possibly sole source'.

26
 Security Service Archives.

27
 Security Service Archives.

28
 Security Service Archives.

29
 Press reports, 2 Aug. 1984; Security Service Archives.

30
 Security Service Archives.

31
 Security Service Archives.

32
 Security Service Archives.
Commonwealth of Australia
v
John Fairfax & Sons Ltd
(1980) 147 CLR 39.

33
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 188
.

34
 Hooper,
Official Secrets
,
pp. 305
–
7
,
314
–
15
. On Hollis's role in the founding of ASIO, see above,
pp. 370
–
71
.

35
 Hooper,
Official Secrets
,
pp. 305
–
8
.

36
 Turnbull,
Spycatcher Trial
.

37
 A former Security Service officer, who said that he had taken part in training Wright, gave evidence on affidavit. The government's only other witness was the Australian cabinet secretary, Michael Codd. Hooper,
Official Secrets
,
pp. 323
–
4
.

38
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 188
–
9
.

39
 Turnbull,
Spycatcher Trial
. Rose,
Elusive Rothschild
,
pp. 260
–
61
.

40
 Hooper,
Official Secrets
,
pp. 320
–
23
.

41
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 9 November 1987, cols 13–14.

42
 Lustgarten and Leigh,
In from the Cold
,
pp. 280
–
82
.

43
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
p. 188
.

44
 See above,
p. 642
.

45
 Rose,
Elusive Rothschild
,
p. 268
.

46
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 3, 6, 17 Dec. 1989. Smith,
New Cloak, Old Dagger
,
p. 69
.

47
 See above,
pp. 589
–
91
.

48
 Security Service Archives.

49
 Hurd,
Memoirs
,
pp. 323
–
4
.

50
 Lustgarten and Leigh,
In from the Cold
,
pp. 151
–
2
.

51
 Security Service Archives.

52
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 22 Nov. 1988, col. 4.

53
 Security Service Archives.

54
 Lustgarten and Leigh,
In from the Cold
,
pp. 77
,
438
. The first four annual reports of the Commissioner were published as Cm 1480 (1991), Cm 1946 (1992), Cm 2174 (1993) and Cm 2523 (1994). During the first three years of the Act's operation, 102 people complained. The Commissioner concluded that in ninety-nine cases no such inquiries were made and that in three cases, where inquiries were made, the Security Service had ‘reasonable grounds' for doing so.