The Defence of the Realm (163 page)

118
 See below,
p. 53
.

119
 Possibly misled by the Home Secretary's statement on 5 August that the arrests had already been carried out, Steinhauer believed they must have taken place before Britain's declaration of war.

120
 Steinhauer,
Steinhauer
,
p. 37
.

121
 Holt-Wilson, ‘Security Intelligence in War', 1934,
p. 17
, IWM Kell MSS.

122
 Trumpener, ‘War Premeditated? German Intelligence Operations in July 1914',
pp. 58
–
85
.

123
 Nicolai,
Nachrichtendienst, Presse, und Volksstimmung im Weltkrieg
; English trans.: Nicolai,
German Secret Service
,
pp. 52
–
4
.

Chapter 2: The First World War:

Part 1 – The Failure of German Espionage

1
 According to Thomson, ‘Throughout the War the Special Branch was combined with the Criminal Investigation Department'; Thomson,
Queer People
,
p. 47
. The size of the Special Branch early in the war is given in a minute of 20 Nov. 1914; TNA MEPO 2/1643/ON 856720. Thomson said later that during the war, ‘Special Branch and the Central Branch of the CID were combined,'
Morning Post
, 24 April 1919.

2
 Thomson,
Queer People
,
pp. 36
–
7
. Andrew,
Secret Service
,
pp. 264
–
7
.

3
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 5 Aug. 1914.

4
 See below,
pp. 871
–
3
.

5
 Security Service Archives.

6
 Security Service Archives.

7
 Bird, ‘Control of Enemy Alien Civilians'.

8
 Kell's mobilization orders, dated 4 August 1914, ‘as an attached officer at the War Office' and his 5 August 1914 appointment as a general staff officer (GSO2) and ‘competent military authority' have been preserved in his record of service in Security Service files.

9
 ‘Historical Sketch of the Directorate of Military Intelligence during the Great War of 1914–1919', TNA WO 32/10776.

10
 ‘The Women's Staff',
p. 26
, TNA KV 1/50.

11
 
The Times
, 15 Oct. 1915.

12
 Security Service Archives.

13
 
Le Queux, German Spies in England
.

14
 Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
,
p. 146
. Gillman,
Collar the Lot
,
p. 10
. Over the next thirty years Simon became home secretary (twice), foreign secretary, chancellor of the exchequer and lord chancellor.

15
 In 1915, there were also sixty-three departures (twenty-one male, forty-two female). Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919.

16
 ‘Outbursts from Waterloo[se] House', printed for private circulation, 1917.

17
 Security Service Archives.

18
 Security Service Archives. Hinchley Cooke's alertness to the use of secret inks probably derived from his scientific education in Germany which, Kell believed, was ‘of special value in the detection of enemy agents'. Though no details survive of which cases Hinchley Cooke helped to resolve, Sir Archibald Bodkin, the main prosecutor in espionage trials and courts martial (later DPP), paid tribute to the importance of his ‘translation and examination of numerous documents in foreign languages and in code and occasionally in “secret inks” '. Security Service Archives.

19
 Security Service Archives.

20
 Lady Kell, ‘Secret Well Kept',
pp. 110
,
122
, IWM. Interwar MI5 Who's Who.

21
 ‘Historical Sketch of the Directorate of Military Intelligence during the Great War of 1914–1919', TNA WO 32/10776.

22
 Dansey to Major Van Deman (US military intelligence), 1 May 1917; lecture by Dansey, 4 May 1917, NAW RG 165, 9944–A–4/5.

23
 F Branch Report, part II, ch. 5, section XVII,
pp. 116
–
20
, TNA KV 1/35.

24
 Ibid. The secret MI5 classification handbook added:

It will be appreciated that an actively hostile person may fall under several of the above special classifications. Such cases are designated thus: e.g. Class: SI/BL. BEFHKJ France. To a Special Intelligence Officer who has memorized the standard classifications this abbreviation conveys the following information:

‘Is considered an enemy (prefixed BL [Black List]); already expelled from allied territory during the war (B); considered an active enemy agent (E); who has been known to carry false papers (F); is suspected of trading with the enemy (H); was formerly a German official (K); and French S.I. is anxious to hear of his present whereabouts and actions (J).'

MI5f, ‘Notes on Preventive Intelligence Duties in War', April 1918; copy in NAW RG 165 11013–21.

25
 F Branch Report, part II , ch. 5, section XVII,
p. 118
, TNA KV 1/35.

26
 Security Service Archives.

27
 ‘Report on Women's Work', 1920,
p. 26
, TNA KV 1/50.

28
 Ibid.

29
 Ibid.,
p. 13
. Three of MO5(g)'s seven clerks at the outbreak of war had been male.

30
 Ibid.,
p. 16
.

31
 Security Service Archives.

32
 Their names and dates of service appear in Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919.

33
 Of Miss Lomax and the transformation she wrought in the Registry Constance Kell wrote: ‘Miss Lomax was for many years the head of this section and her work was so excellent that Kell could rest assured that whatever she and those working with her, and under her, were asked to do, would be quickly and eagerly carried out.' Lady Kell, ‘Secret Well Kept',
p. 148
, IWM.

34
 Security Service Archives.

35
 H Branch History, ch. 2,
p. 38
, TNA KV 1/49.

36
 Security Service Archives.

37
 ‘Report on Women's Work', 1920,
p. 54
, TNA KV 1/50.

38
 Security Service Archives.

39
 Like most officer recruits, Marsh, who joined MO5(g) in May 1915, was also fond of sports and outdoor pursuits, listing his recreations as polo, shooting, fishing, golf and lawn tennis. Security Service Archives.

40
 See
p. 62
.

41
 ‘Report on Women's Work', 1920,
p. 19
, TNA KV 1/50.

42
 See
p. 62
.

43
 ‘Historical Sketch of the Directorate of Military Intelligence during the Great War of 1914–1919', TNA WO 32/10776.

44
 Unpublished Hall memoirs (ghostwritten by Ralph Strauss), draft Chapter C, CCAC HALL 3/2. Hall claimed he had been responsible for persuading Asquith to found the War Trade Intelligence Department (later subsumed by the Ministry of Blockade) whose first head was Freddie Browning.

45
 ‘Historical Sketch of the Directorate of Military Intelligence during the Great War of 1914–1919', TNA WO 32/10776. For details of wartime censorship, see TNA KV 1/73–4.

46
 Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
pp. 89
–
90
.

47
 ‘Lody, Carl Hans @ Inglis, Charles A', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112.

48
 Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
pp. 98
,
102
.

49
 Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War',
p. 639
.

50
 See below,
pp. 248ff
.

51
 Lady Kell, ‘Secret Well Kept',
p. 144
, IWM. Thomson,
Queer People
,
pp. 122
–
6
. Felstead,
German Spies at Bay
, ch. 3.

52
 Lady Kell, ‘Secret Well Kept',
p. 150
, IWM.

53
 F. B. Booth (MO5(g)), memo for Kell, 27 July 1915, TNA HO 45/10741/263275. Carsten,
War against War
,
p. 56
.

54
 Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
p. 106
.

55
 Ibid.,
pp. 81
–
2
.

56
 G Branch Report for 1915,
pp. 59ff
., TNA KV 1/42. Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaise
r,
pp. 106
–
7
.

57
 ‘Kupferle, Anthony', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112.

58
 Thomson,
Queer People
,
pp. 126
–
9
. Felstead,
German Spies at Bay
, ch. 3.

59
 See below,
pp. 70
,
71
–
2
.

60
 ‘Muller, Carl Friedrich Heinrich @ Leidec [and] Hahn, John', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112. Dr Boghardt's researches identify Müller as a Baltic German. Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
p. 96
.

61
 W. E. Hinchley Cooke to DG (Petrie), ‘Motor-car purchased by MI5 out of German Secret Service Funds during the 1914–18 War', 29 June 1943, TNA KV 4/200.

62
 Though Müller's MI5 file was destroyed after the war, summaries of the bogus reports sent in his name survive in German archives: RW 5/v. 48 – Geheimer Nachrichtendienst und Spionageabwehr des Heeres – von Generalmajor z.V. Gempp (1939), 8. Abschnitt: Die Ergebnisse das Nachrichtendienstes der mobilen Abt Illb in westen vom Fruhjahr 1915 bis Ende 1916, IV: Die Kriegsnachrichtenstelle Antwerpen Anlage 5: Meldungen der Kriegsnachrichtenstelle Antwerpen vom 25.3.15–14.6.15, Bundesarchiv Militararchiv, Freiburg. I am grateful to Dr Emily Wilson for this reference.

63
 Wilson, ‘War in the Dark',
pp. 118
–
19
.

64
 ‘Muller, Carl Friedrich Heinrich @ Leidec [and] Hahn, John', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112.

65
 RW 5/v. 48 – Geheimer Nachrichtendienst und Spionageabwehr des Heeres – von Generalmajor z.V. Gempp (1939), 8. Abschnitt: Die Ergebnisse das Nachrichtendienstes der mobilen Abt Illb in westen vom Fruhjahr 1915 bis Ende 1916, IV: Die Kriegsnachrichtenstelle Antwerpen Anlage 5: Meldungen der Kriegsnachrichtenstelle Antwerpen vom 25.3.15–14.6.15, Bundesarchiv Militararchiv, Freiburg.

66
 W. E. Hinchley Cooke to DG (Petrie), ‘Motor-car purchased by MI5 out of German Secret Service Funds during the 1914–18 War', 29 June 1943, TNA KV 4/200.

67
 ‘The Secret Services: Inquiry by the Minister without Portfolio [Lord Hankey]. Second Report dealing with the Security Service (MI5)', Jan.–May 1940, TNA CAB 127/383.

68
 W. E. Hinchley Cooke to DG (Petrie), ‘Motor-car purchased by MI5 out of German Secret Service Funds during the 1914–18 War', 29 June 1943, TNA KV 4/200.

69
 See below,
pp. 248
–
50
,
253
.

70
 ‘Rosenthal, Robert @ Berger, Harry B.', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112. Draft History of G Branch, vol. 4,
pp. 111ff
., TNA KV 1/42.

71
 Felstead,
German Spies at Bay
,
pp. 44
–
56
. Felstead appears to have had access to MI5 as well as Special Branch reports when writing his book. Drake later told Hall, ‘B[asil] T[homson] gave him my reports to read, I understand.' Drake to Admiral Hall, 1 Nov. 1932, CCAC HALL 1/3.

72
 Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
p. 115
.

73
 Felstead,
German Spies at Bay
,
p. 56
.

74
 Security Service Archives.

75
 ‘(i) Janssen, Haicke Marinus Petrus (ii) Roos, Willem Johannes', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112. ‘Principal German Espionage Agents captured in the United Kingdom by M.I.5, 1909 to 1919', May 1919, TNA KV 4/114.

76
 Commandant Hue, head of the French mission at the Bureau Central Interallié, complained in 1917 that ‘Up to now, attempts at establishing [intelligence] liaison with allied armies seem to have produced few results.' Aubin, ‘French Counterintelligence and British Secret Intelligence in the Netherlands',
p. 19
.

77
 Major General Sir Walter Kirke diary, 15 June 1915, IWM.

78
 Felstead,
German Spies at Bay
, ch. 4. Lady Kell, ‘Secret Well Kept',
p. 154
, IWM.

79
 Andrew,
Secret Service
,
pp. 133
,
221
.

80
 ‘Marks, Josef @ Multer, Josef Marks', ‘Game Book', vol. 2: 1916[sic]–1937, TNA KV 4/113. ‘Principal German Espionage Agents captured in the United Kingdom by M.I.5, 1909 to 1919', May 1919, TNA KV 4/114.

81
 Albert Meyer, Frank Greite, Mrs Albertine Stanaway, Leopold Vieyra. ‘Principal German Espionage Agents captured in the United Kingdom by M.I.5, 1909 to 1919', May 1919, TNA KV 4/114. ‘Game Book', vol. 2: 1916–1937, TNA KV 4/113.