The Defence of the Realm (159 page)

 

1976

 

1988

 

1991

 

1994

Notes

ABBREVIATIONS

SECTION A: THE GERMAN THREAT, 1909–1919

Introduction: The Origins of the Secret Service Bureau

1
 Memorandum re Formation of a S.S. Bureau [minutes of meeting on 26 Aug. 1909, approved by Sir Charles Hardinge, PUS at the Foreign Office, on 14 Sept. 1909], TNA WO 106/6292. The date set for the Bureau to open business had been 1 October, but it was not until the 10th that both Cumming and Kell started work in the office and money from the Foreign Office Secret Vote came on stream. Cumming had paid his first visit to the office on the 7th ‘and remained all day but saw no-one, nor was there anything to do there.' Judd,
Quest for C
,
pp. 86
,
100
.

2
 Mansfield Cumming diary, 4 Oct. 1909, SIS Archives. Kell later told Gilbert Wakefield, subsequently an in- house MI5 historian, that he ‘first met “C” in the office of a private detective' (identified by Wakefield as Drew).

3
 Evidence by Kell to Secret Service Committee, Secret Service Committee Minutes, 10 March 1925, TNA FO 1093/68. Cumming's diary suggests, however, that Kell and Cumming rarely worked in the room at the same time.

4
 ‘Report and Proceedings of a Sub-Committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence Appointed by the Prime Minister to Consider the Question of Foreign Espionage in the United Kingdom', Oct. 1909, TNA CAB 16/8.

5
 Ibid.

6
 Le Queux,
England's Peril
,
p. 42
.

7
 Le Queux's name rhymed with Drew's. Like Drew he had an English mother and a French father. On visits to France Drew used his real name, Dreux.

8
 Le Queux,
Secrets of the Foreign Office
.

9
 ‘William Tufnell Le Queux',
Oxford DNB
.

10
 
Kim
was first published as a magazine serial, beginning in December 1900. It appeared in book form in October 1901.

11
 Hinsley et al.,
British Intelligence in the Second World War
, vol. 1,
p. 16n
.

12
 Andrew,
Secret Service
, ch. 1.

13
 Warwick (ed.),
South African War
,
p. 66
.

14
 
Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa
, Cd 1789 (1903),
p. 128
. See also Andrew,
Secret Service
,
pp. 28
–
9
.

15
 Cook,
M: MI5's First Spymaster
,
pp. 146
–
8
,
253
.

16
 Ibid.,
pp. 248
–
9
. Melville also received Austrian, Danish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish decorations in recognition of his services during the travels of British and foreign royals.

17
 Both the alias and the address appeared on Melville's business card, which survives both in his papers (ibid.,
p. 254
) and in Security Service files.

18
 On the Nachrichten-Abteilung and Steinhauer's role in it, see Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
pp. 13
–
20
.

19
 Steinhauer,
Steinhauer
,
pp. 310
–
19
. Cook,
M: MI5's First Spymaster
,
pp. 134
–
7
. Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
pp. 47
–
8
. On Steinhauer's place in the German naval intelligence hierarchy, see Boghardt,
Spies of the Kaiser
,
appendix 1
,
p. 148
. An interwar MI5 assessment of Steinhauer's memoirs concluded: ‘Comparison with the records of the Security Service shows this book to be a very fair account of his organisation in this country.' ‘Gustav Steinhauer', ‘Game Book', vol. 1: 1909–1915, TNA KV 4/112.

20
 Report by Melville on Long's mission, 8 April 1904; reproduced in Cook,
M: MI5's First Spymaster
, appendix,
p. 256
. Long's first name sometimes appears wrongly as ‘Henry'.

21
 ‘Historical Papers', TNA KV 6/47.

22
 Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide
,
pp. 76
–
86
,
113
.

23
 Untitled memoir by Melville, 31 Dec. 1917,
pp. 15
–
16
, TNA KV 1/8.

24
 Ibid.,
p. 2
.

25
 Ibid.,
pp. 21
–
2
.

26
 Edmonds, ‘Origins of MI5', LHC Edmonds MSS VIII/3; Edmonds, Unpublished Memoirs, ch. 20, LHC Edmonds MSS III/5.

27
 Untitled memoir by Melville, 31 Dec. 1917,
p. 3
, TNA KV 1/8. Le Queux claimed inaccurately that the German translation ended with a German victory.

28
 The new ‘voluntary Secret Service Department', in so far as it existed outside Le Queux's imagination, had its main home in the patriotic Legion of Frontiersmen founded by Roger Pocock at the end of 1904. Pocock inhabited a Walter Mitty world as extravagant as Le Queux's, full of
Boy's Own Paper
villains and heroes.

29
 Le Queux,
Invasion of 1910
. Clarke,
Voices Prophesying War
,
p. 145
. Kennedy,
Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
,
pp. 362
,
371
. Andrew,
Secret Service
,
pp. 74
–
6
. Patrick and Baister,
William Le Queux
,
pp. 57
–
63
.

30
 Le Queux,
Things I Know
,
p. 237
.

31
 Standish,
Prince of Storytellers
.

32
 Morris, ‘And is the Kaiser Coming for Tea?',
pp. 58
–
61
. Gooch,
Plans of War
,
pp. 284
–
5
.

33
 Steiner,
Britain and the Origins of the First World War
,
pp. 53
,
287 n.23
.

34
 Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, vol. 1, ch. 7.

35
 Thwaites to Gleichen, 7 May 1907, TNA WO 32/8873. Hiley, ‘Failure of British Espionage',
p. 874
.

36
 Edmonds, Unpublished Memoirs, ch. 20, LHC Edmonds MSS III/5.

37
 ‘Report and Proceedings of a Sub-Committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence Appointed by the Prime Minister to Consider the Question of Foreign Espionage in the United Kingdom',
Appendix 1
: ‘Cases of Alleged German Espionage which have been reported to the Director of Military Operations', Oct. 1909, TNA CAB 16/8.

38
 Among them Christopher Andrew in
Secret Service
.

39
 ‘Sir James Edward Edmonds',
Oxford DNB
. Though the War Office Intelligence Division was formally renamed the Intelligence Department only in 1901, it was often called by the latter title in the 1890s.