The battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (93 page)

18 RGVA 33987/3/960, pp. 180–9, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 127.

19 RGVA/33987/3/1010, p. 300.

20 Marchenko to Litvinov, 22 February 1937, RGVA 33987/3/960, pp. 303–15.

21 Brusco, p. 114.

22
El péndulo patriótico
, vol. ii, p. 22.

23 ‘Adelante!’,
Internatsionalnaya brigada
, Moscow, 1937, pp. 106–18.

24
Krasnaya Zvezda
, 15 September 1993.

25 Alpert,
El Ejército de la República
, p. 65.

26
Guerra, exilio y cárcel
, Paris, 1976.

27 J. Martínez Reverte,
La batalla de Madrid
.

CHAPTER 19
: The Battles of the Jarama and Guadalajara

1 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

2 Regler,
The Great Crusade
, pp. 243–63.

3 Castells,
Las Brigadas Internacionales
, p. 166.

4 Wintringham,
English Captain
, London, 1939.

5 Alexander,
British Volunteers
, p. 95.

6 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

7 Kemp,
Mine Were of Trouble
, London, 1957.

8 RGVA 33987/3/912, pp. 127–8.

9 RGVA 35082/1/185, p. 379.

10 Sixten Rogeby,
Spanska frontminnen
, Arbetarkultur, Stockholm, 1938.

11 RGVA 35082/1/185, p. 361.

12 Salas,
La guerra de España desde el aire
, p. 164.

13 Marty to Dimitrov, 28 March 1937, RGVA 33987/3/991, pp. 150–88.

14 Blanco,
La incompetencia militar de Franco
, p. 344.

15 Segala,
Trincee di Spagna
, p. 116.

16 Renzo de Felice,
Mussolini il duce
, vol. ii.,
Lo steto totalitario
, p. 404.

17 Rodimtsev,
Dobrovoltsy
, p. 57.

18 Castells,
Las Brigadas Internacionales
, p. 187.

19 Rodimtsev, op. cit., pp. 73–4.

20 RGASPI 533/6/102, p. 110.

21 Karl Anger (Dobrovolsky), RGVA 35082/1/189, p. 188.

22 Koltsov,
Ispansky dnevnik
p. 450.

23
Mi embajada en Londres
, pp. 321–3.

24 Rodimtsev, pp. 94–6.

25 Mera,
Guerra, exilio y cárcel
, Paris, 1976.

26 Karl Anger (Dobrovolsky), RGVA 35082/1/189, p. 190.

27 Rodimtsev, p. 102.

28 RGVA 33987/3/1082, p. 206.

29 RGVA 33987/3/961, p. 123.

30
Two Wars and More to Come
, p. 264.

31 Renzo de Felice,
Lo stato totalitario
p. 392.

32 Mussolini, probably echoing Franco’s own conviction that French regular officers were directing operations, told the German ambassador in Italy on 25 March that ‘French direction has been unmistakably evident on the side of the reds in their whole tactical procedure’ (DGFP, p. 259).

33 DGFP, p. 265.

CHAPTER 20
: The War in the North

1 The government consisted of Aguirre, Jesús María Leizaola, Heliodoro de la Torre and Telesforo Monzón (all PNV); three socialists (Santiago Aznar, Juan Gracía and Juan de los Toyos); a member of ANV (Gonzalo Nárdiz), one from the Izquierda Republicana (Ramón Maria Aldasoro), another from Unión Republicana (Alfredo Espinosa) and Juan Astigarrabía, a communist.

2 S. de Pablo et al.,
El péndulo patrótico
, vol. ii, p. 19.

3 Luis María Jiménez de Aberasturi,
La guerra en el Norte
, p. 118.

4 RGVA 35082/1/189, pp. 8–9.

5 Aberasturi, op. cit., p. 163. 6 BA-MA RL 35/3.

7 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38. 8 Ibid.

9 According to the republican chaplain, José María Basabilotra, people tried to seek refuge in the cemetery. Fraser,
Recuérdalo tú
…, pp. 549–50.

10 Vicente Talón,
Memoria de la guerra de Euskadi
, p. 398.

11 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid.

15 Luis Michelena, quoted Fraser,
Recuérdalo tú
…, p 552.

16 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

17 Sole Sabaté and Villarroya state that three Savoia S-79s had already ropped 36 bombs of 50 kilograms each (
España en llamas
, pp. 84–5).

18 Between 200 and 300 according to V. Talón, Memoria…, pp. 34–5, and around 200 according to S. De Pablo, ‘
La guerra civil en el País Vasco’
.

19 See Southworth,
Guernica
, pp. 22–4, and Steer,
The Tree of Gernika
.

20 ángel Viñas,
Guerra, dinerodictadura
, p. 122.

21
ABC
, 29 April 1937.

22 Ibid. A slightly different version was reported by Faupel, the German ambassador, on 5 May 1937. It included the sentence: ‘Aguirre planned the destruction of Guernica with the devilish intention of laying the blame before the enemy’s door and producing a storm of indignation among the already conquered and demoralized Basques’ (DGFP, p. 281).

23 A. Rovighi and F. Stefani,
La participazione italiana alla guerra civile spagnola
, Estado Mayor del Ejército, Roma, 1993, quoted by Ranzato,
Leclissi della democrazia
, p. 492.

24 Virginia Cowles,
Looking for Trouble
, p. 75.

25 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

26 For the destruction of Guernica see Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts,
The Day Guernica Died
, London, 1975; H. R. Southworth,
Guernica el mito
; A. Viñas,
Guerra, dinero, dictadura
; and J. L. de la Granja and C. Garitaonandía (ed.),
Gernika: 50 años después

27
Diarios completes
, p. 974.

28 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

29 Aberasturi,
La guerra en el norte
, pp. 234–5.

30 The German ambassador in Rome, Ulrich von Hassell, reported as early as 13 January 1937 that ‘through the mediation of the Vatican negotiations are being carried on in the north with the Basque separatists at Bilbao’ (DGFP, p. 221).

31 Franco’s headquarters, however, announced: ‘Vizcaya front. This afternoon at 3.10 p.m. troops entered the capital of Vizcaya. Bilbao is once again part of Spain.’

32 For the ‘Pact of Santoña’, the relations between the Basque government and Valencia and the diplomatic discussion, see S. De Pablo,
El péndulo patriótico
, pp. 29–41.

33 Ciano,
Diarios 1937–1943
, p. 15.

CHAPTER 21
: The Propaganda War and the Intellectuals

1 H. R. Southworth,
El lavado de cerebro de Francisco Franco
, pp. 21–186.

2 Blanco Escolá,
Falacios de la guerra civil
, p. 105.

3 The Catholic Church declared that the murdered priests were martyrs. This position continued right up to John Paul II’s visit to Spain in May 2003, when he maintained that the killing of priests was a ‘bloody and planned religious persecution’. In Madrid, he beatified the teacher Pedro Poveda, killed there on 27 July 1936. He still made no mention of the Basque priests killed by the nationalists (
El País
, 5 May, 2003).

4 ‘Carta colectiva del Episcopado español a los obispos del mundo entero’, 1 July 1937, quoted in Antonio Montero,
Historia de la persecución religiosa en España, 1936–1939
, Madrid, 1961.

5 Southworth,
El mito
, p. 169.

6 Luis Bolín,
Spain: The Vital Years
, London, 1967

7 Peter Kemp,
Mine Were of Trouble
, pp. 49–50.

8 Virgina Cowles, p. 77–80.

9 Peter Kemp,
Mine Were of Trouble
.

10 Arthur Koestler,
Spanish Testament
, London, 1937.

11 Southworth,
El mito
, p. 238.

12 Bennassar argues that ‘the two camps behaved like agencies of disinformation and rumour factories’ (
La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains
, p. 323).

13 Quoted in Noam Chomsky,
American Power and the New Mandarins
, p. 115.

14 For the part played by intellectuals in the Spanish Civil War, see among others: Southworth,
El mito de la cruzada de Franco
;R. álvarez and R. López (eds),
Poesia anglo-norteamericana de la guerra civil española
, Salamanca, 1986; Robert Payne,
The Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939
, London, 1962 and Francisco Rico (ed.),
Historia y crítica de la literatura española
, vol. 7, Barcelona, 1984.

15 ‘Authors Take Sides’, in
New Left Review
.

16 Bertrand Russell,
Roads to Freedom
, London, 1948.

17 Supporters included Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, Américo Castro, Pau Casals, Rodolfo Halffter, Blas Cabrera, Alberto Jime´nez Fraud, Josep Ferrater Mora, Alfonso Rodríguez Castelao, Pere Bosch Gimpera, Luís Buñuel, Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró. Writers and others who took an active role, either in the trenches or behind the lines, included Antonio Machado, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Vicente Aleixandre, Rafael Alberti, Luis Cernuda, José Bergamín, León Felipe, Max Aub, José Moreno Villa, Ramón J. Sender, Miguel Hernández, Salvador Espriu, Juan Marichal, Francisco Ayala, Antonio Buero Vallejo, María Zambrano, Rafael Dieste, Juan Gil-Albert, Ramón Gaya, Teresa León, José Herrera Petere, Antonio Sanchez Barbudo, Manuel Altolaguirre, Emilio Prados, Pedro Garfias, Rosa Chacel, Antonio Agraz, Fe´lix Paredes, Leopoldo Urrutia, Lorenzo Varela, José María Morón, Benigno Bejarano, Eduardo Zamacois, Rafel Vidiella, Julio Sesto, A. Martínez de Luzenay, Silvia Mistral, Clemente Cimorra, Roger de Flor, Gabriel Baldrich, Manuel Cabanillas, Juan Usón (‘Juaninus’).

On the nationalist side supporters included Eugenio d’Ors, Manuel Machado, Jose´ María Pemán, Francisco Cossío, Concha Espina, José Muñoz San Román, Rafael García Serrano, Ricardo León, Wenceslao Fernández Flórez, Cecilio Benítez de Castro, Francisco Camba, Evaristo Casariego, Tomás Borrás, Josep Pla, Eduardo Marquina, Federico de Urrutia, Jose´ Camón Aznar, José María Castroviejo, Ignacio Agustí, Alvaro Cunqueiro, Pedro Laín Entralgo, JoséL. López Aranguren, Antonio Tovar, Luis Díez del Corral, Antonio Maravall, Gerardo Diego, Leopoldo Panero, Luis Rosales, Luis Felipe Vivanco, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Félix Ros, Pedro Muñoz Seca and of course the literary court of Jose´ Antonio Primo de Rivera: Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, Eugenio Montes, Agustín de Foxá, Jacinto Miquelarena, Pedro Mourlane Michelena, José María Alfaro, Luys Santa Marina, Samuel Ros and Dionisio Ridruejo.

18 AgustínSánchez Vidal in F. Rico,
Historia y crítica de la literatura española
vol. vii, p. 759.

19 On the intellectuals and the ‘cause of the people’ see Santos Juliá,
Historias de las dos Españas
, Madrid, 2004.

20 The Mangada column had
Avance
, the communists on the Somosierra front
¡No pasarán!
and
El miliciano rojo
on the Aragón front;
Octubre
for the battalion of that name;
Komsomol
for the Communist Youth of La Mancha; socialists, anarchists and republicans all had their own. The International Brigades had a dozen of their own:
Le Volontaire de la Liberté, Our Fight, Il Garibaldino
and Freiheit Ka¨mpfer. Even the Scandinavian company with the Thaelmann Battalion produced its own paper, edited by a journalist called Lise, who had accompanied them to Spain (Conny Andersson in Sixten Rogeby,
Spanska frontminnen
, Arbetarkultur, 1938).

The nationalists, meanwhile had
ABC
in Seville;
El Heraldo de Aragón
in Saragossa;
El Norte de Castilla
in Valladolid;
Ideal
in Granada; the
Gaceta regional
in Salamanca;
El Faro
in Vigo,
La Voz de Asturias
in Oviedo;
El Pensamiento Navarro
in Pamplona and the
Diario de Burgos
. In the early part of the war the besieged nationalist garrison in Toledo had produced the roneoed
El ´zar
. The main Falangist publication was
Arriba España!
, but also
Jerarquía; Fotos
, which was close to Manuel Hedilla;
Ve´rtice
, published by the Delegacio ´n de Prensa y Propaganda;
Fe
in Seville;
Patria
in Granada;
Odiel
in Huelva;
Sur
in Malaga;
Destino
, the publication of the Catalans in Burgos and the satirical review
Ametralladora
. In November 1938 the nationalist administration created an official news service, EFE, financed by Juan March and other bankers. For the press on both sides see Rafael Abella,
La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil
, Planeta, Barcelona, 1975.

21 Phrase used in
El Socialista
, October 1936.

22 Josep Renau, Carles Fontseré, Lorenzo Gomis, Ramón Gaya, José Bardasano, Josep Obiols, Lola Anglada, Martí Bas, José Luis Rey Vila (‘Sim’), Antoni Clavé, Emeterio Melendreras, Helios Gómez and Luis Quintanilla. On the nationalist side the best-known designers were Carlos Sáenz de Tejada, a great draughtsman, and Teodoro Delgado. See Jordi and Arnau Carulla,
La guerra civil en 2.000 carteles
, 2 vol, Barcelona, 1997; Carmen Grimau,
El cartel republicano en la guerra civil
, Madrid, 1979.

23 The republicans had Unión Radio, Radio España and the many transmitters belonging to political parties and trade unions. La Voz de España was the station for propaganda aimed abroad. The nationalists used Radio Tetuán, Radio Ceuta and Radio Sevilla (known as Queipo de Llano’s ‘plaything’), as well as the foreign broadcasts of their allies in Rome, Berlin and Lisbon. The radio station attached to the Generalissimo’s headquarters soon became the most important in nationalist Spain. When the nationalists conquered a sector of republican territory, they immediately put the radio station there to work for their own side. See C. Garitaonandía, ‘La radio republicana durante la guerra civil’ in
Historia y memoria de la guerra civil
, vol. i, pp. 391–400.