The battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (97 page)

16 Casado’s first acquaintance with anarchists had come during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, when Casado was imprisoned and became friends with libertarians in jail. See Alpert,
El ejército republicano
, pp. 301ff.

17 Romero,
El final de la guerra
, p. 138.

18 See Luis Suárez,
Francisco Franco
, in preparation, and Martínez Bande,
Los cien últimos días de la República
.

19 Romero,
El final de la guerra
, p. 123.

20 Ibid., p. 138.

21 See Martínez Bande,
Los cien últimos días de la República
.

22 BA-MA RL 35/8.

23 For the most thorough account of the uprising, see Luis Romero,
Desastre en Cartagena
, Barcelona, 1971.

24 Other appointments included González Marín, CNT, finance; Miguel San Andre´s, Izquierda Republicana, justice and propaganda; Eduardo Val, CNT, communications and public works; José del Río, of Unión Republicana, education and health; and Antonio Pérez, of the UGT, labour. Melchor Rodríguez, of the CNT, became the new mayor of Madrid.

25 All the speeches are printed in full in Romero,
El final de la guerra
, pp. 261-8.

26 Cipriano Rivas Cherif,
Retrato de un desconocido
, p. 437.

27 Luis Romero,
El final de la guerra
, pp. 274–5.

28 Miralles,
Juan Negrín
, p. 324.

29 BA-MA RL 35/8.

30 Elorza and Bizcarrondo,
Queridos camaradas
, p. 434.

31 Togliatti,
Escritos sobre la guerra de España
, p. 297.

32 Tagüeña,
Entre dos guerras
, p. 310.

33 Marías, p. 248.

34 Tuñón,
Historia de España
, ix, p. 526.

35 BA-MA RL35/7.

36 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

37 Casado,
The Last Days of Madrid
, p. 259.

38 Marías, p. 255.

39 Marías, p. 261.

40 ABC, 2 April 1939, Romero,
El final de la guerra
, p. 421.

41 Ciano,
Diarios
, p. 276.

CHAPTER 35
: The New Spain and the Franquist Gulag

1 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38. The Condor Legion reached Hamburg by ship on 31 May and on 6 June it paraded through Berlin.

2 Luis Suárez,
Franco: la historia y sus documentos
, iv, p. 33.

3 Among the other appointments were Esteban Bilbao, minister of justice; José Larraz, minister of finance; Vice-Admiral Moreno, minister of marine; Luis Alarcón de la Lastra, minister for industry and commerce; Joaquín Benjumea, minister of agriculture and labour; Juan Ibáñez Martín, minister of national education; Alfonso Peña Boeuf, minister of public works.

4 Javier Tusell,
Dictadura franquista y democracia
, p. 45.

5 This was overseen by the Servicio Nacional de Reforma Económica y Social de la Tierra, set up by the nationalists in 1938.

6 See Carlos Barciela (ed.)
Autarquía y mercado negro
, Barcelona 2003, pp. 55ff.

7 Glicerio Sánchez and Julio Tascón (eds),
Los empresarios de Franco
, Barcelona, 2003, p. 237ff.

8 See Elena San Román,
Ejército e industria: el nacimiento del INI
, Barcelona, 1999.

9 Franco statement to Henri Massis, published in
Candide
, 18 August 1938.

10 Suárez,
Franco
, pp. 119ff.

11 Joan Clavera (ed)
Capitalismo español: De la autarquía a la estabilización, 1939–1959
, Madrid, 1978, pp. 179ff.

12 Tusell,
Dictadura franquista y democracia
, p. 98.

13 Blinkhorn,
Carlismo y contrarrevolución
, p. 411.

14 Carreras and Tafunell,
Historia económica de la España contemporánea
, p. 277.

15 See for example, Robert Graham,
A Nation Comes of Age
, London, 1984.

16 Antonio F. Canales,
La llarga postguerra
, Barcelona, 1997, p. 178.

17 Kemp,
Mine Were of Trouble
, pp. 49–50.

18 Rodrigo, Cautivos, p. 209.

19 Ibid.

20 See Anne Applebaum,
Gulag
, London, 2003.

21 Casanova (ed.),
Morir, matar, sobrevivir
, p. 31.

22 Michael Richards,
Un tiempo de silencio
, p. 30; and Dionisio Ridruejo,
Escrito en España
, p. 93.

23 For example, around 5,000 were killed in the province of Valencia; 4,000 in Catalonia; in Madrid’s East Cemetery 2,663 executions were registered up to 1945; in Jaén, 1,280 up to 1950; in Albacete 1,026 between 1939 and 1953; and so on. Casanova,
Morir, matar, sobrevivir
, pp. 19ff; Santiago Vega Sombría, De la esperanza a la persecución, p. 279. Paul Preston has pointed out that 92,462 individually named victims have been identified in just 36 of Spain’s 50 provinces.

24 For example, in the notorious San Marcos prison in León, more than 800 died of hunger and cold.

25 Vinyes,
Irredentas
, p. 114.

26 Francisco Moreno,
Víctimas de la guerra civil
, p. 278.

27 Juana Doña,
Desde la noche y la niebla
.

28 Francisco Moreno,
Víctimas de la guerra civil
, p. 278.

29 Richards,
Un tiempo de silencio
; and Vinyes,
Irredentas
.

30 á ngela Cenarro,
La sonrisa de Falange
, in preparation.

CHAPTER 36
: The Exiles and the Second World War

1 Between 1936 and 1938, there had been three waves of different sizes: the first in the summer of 1936; the second following the fall of Santander and the Asturias in June 1937; and the third as a result of the Aragón campaign in the spring of 1938. The first wave of 15,000 refugees came mainly from the Basque country when the nationalists attacked Irún and San Sebastían. The second amounted to 160,000, and the third of 14,000, including 7,000 men of the 42nd Division cut off in the Bielsa pocket in the Pyrenees. Of these three waves, most returned to republican territory, leaving just 40,000 in France at the end of 1938 (Dolores Pla Brugat, ‘El exilio republicano español’ in
AULA Historia social
, no. 13, Valencia, Spring, 2004; Bartolomé Bennassar,
La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains
, Paris, 2004, p. 363).

2 Mera was released from prison in 1946. He made contact with old friends from the CNT and then had to flee to France again, where he died in 1975.

3 Emil Voldemarovich Shteingold, ‘My Last 10 Days in Spain’, RGVA 35082/3/32 p. 1.

4 Antonio Soriano,
E´ xodos, Historia oral del exilio republicano en Francia 1939–1945
, Barcelona, 1989 p. 23.

5 Arthur Koestler,
La lie de la terre
, Paris, 1946, p. 148.

6
Candide
, 8 February, 1939.

7 See Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand,
El exilio de los republicanos españoles en Francia
; Bennassar,
La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains
; Tusell,
Dictadura franquista y democracia
, p. 36.

8 Dreyfus-Armand, p. 79; Tusell,
Dictadura franquista y democracia
, p. 36.

9 See Bennassar and Dreyfus-Armand, who do not agree over figures.

10 Junta de Auxilio a los Republicanos Españoles.

11 Manuel Ros,
La guerra secreta de Franco
, Barcelona, 2002, p. xxiv.

12 Suárez,
Franco: la historia y sus documentos
, vol. v, p. 87.

13 Ibid., pp. 153–4.

14 Heiberg,
Emperadores del Mediterráneo
; and Preston,
Franco
.

15 Preston,
Franco
, pp. 524–5.

16 Heiberg,
Emperadores del Mediterráneo
.

17 Ros,
La guerra secreta de Franco
, pp. 146–52; for the role of Captain Alan Hillgarth RN, see David Stafford,
Churchill and Secret Service
, pp. 237–8.

18 The Blue Division was withdrawn by an ever-cautious Franco in 1943, when the war was clearly going against the Axis. But 2,200 men stayed behind in the Legión Azul, which in turn would be dissolved in January 1944. Its survivors became the Legion Española de Voluntarios, although most were attached to SS units until the end of the war. Total Spanish losses in the Soviet Union out of 45,500 participants were approximately 5,000 dead, 8,700 wounded, 2,137 maimed, 1,600 cases of severe frostbite, 7,800 sick and 372 prisoners, who did not return to Spain until April 1954 aboard the
Semiramis
. The total cost of 613,500,000 pesetas was offset against the Spanish debt for the Condor Legion. See Xavier Moreno Juliá,
La División Azul. Sangre española en Rusia, 1941–1945
, Barcelona, 2005.

19 Helmut Heiber (ed.),
Hitler y sus generales
, Barcelona, 2005, p. 398.

CHAPTER 37
: The Unfinished War

1 Pierre Vilar,
La guerra civil española
, p. 176.

2 They included Jorge Semprún, a member of the resistance who would later become minister of culture in the new democratic Spain after Franco’s death in 1975.

3 RGASPI 495/120/236, p. 57.

4 A. V. Elpatievsky,
Ispanskaya emigratsiya v SSSR
, Moscow, 2002.

5 Order of People’s Commissar for Internal Affairs, 1942, No. 3498, 16 November 1942, Moscow, GARF P-9401/9/896.

6 GARF 2306/1/5991, p. 7.

7 GARF 307/1/272, p. 27.

8
Reconquista de España
, supplement, 18 July 1944.

9 Daniel Arasa,
La invasión de los maquis
, Barcelona, 2004; Richards,
Un tiempo de silencio
; Serrano,
Maquis
; Francisco Moreno,
La resistencia armada
.

10 Casanova,
Morir, matar, sobrevivir
, p. 227; Antonio Telez,
Sabaté
, London, 1974, pp. 171–8.

11 The JEL, Junta Española de Liberación.

CHAPTER 38
: Lost Causes

1 Valentín González (El Campesino),
Listen Comrades
, London, 1952.

2 BA-MA RL35/34.

3 RGVA 33987/3/991, p. 68.

4 Gurney, p. 175.

5 Goriev to Moscow, 25 September 1936, quoted in Radosh and Habeck (eds),
Spain Betrayed
, London 2002, p. 60.

6 RGVA 33987/3/832, p. 107.

INDEX

A. Andreev (Soviet merchant ship)

Abad de Santillán, Diego

ABC

Abd-el-Krim

Abelló, Andreu i

Abyssinia

Acción Católica

Acción Nacionalista Vasca

Acción Popular

Action Franc¸aise

Adelante
(socialist newspaper)

Admiral Graf Spee
(German warship)

Admiral Scheer
(German warship)

Africanistas

[incorporate into Army of Africa]

agriculture, reform of, wages, Basque, in nationalist zone, under Franco,
see also
collectives

Aguilera, Captain Gonzalo de, Count de Alba y Yeltes

Aguirre, José Antonio and Basque campaign

Aiguader, Artemi

Aiguader, Jaime

aircraft, supplied to Spain, in action over Madrid, in action over Jarama, in action in Basque country, in action over Guadarrama, in action over Brunete, in Ebro valley attack, Spanish pilots trained to fly, denied to non-communist commander, production in Spain, in action at Teruel,in Aragón offensive, in action over Ebro

AIRCRAFT TYPES:

Breda

Chatos

Dornier

Dornier

Fiat CR

Fiat G

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Junkers

Junkers (Stukas)

Katiuska bombers

Messerschmitt

Moscas

Natasha bombers

Potez

Savoia-Marchetti

Savoia-Marchetti

Alba, Duke of, (Jacobo Stuart Fitzjames y Falcó)

Albacete, International Brigades base, Curto appointed commandant

Alberti, Rafael

Albertia, Mount

Albornoz y Liminiana, Álvaro de

Alcalá de Henares

Alcalá Zamora, Niceto as president, impeached

Alcañiz

Alcorcón

Alfambra, River

Alfonso XII, King, Alfonso XIII, King, driven from throne, hopes for restoration, assists nationalists, private yacht

Alfonso Carlos, Don, (Carlist pretender)

Algeciras

Algeciras, Conference of

Alhucemas

Alianza Obrera

Alianza Republicana

Alicante, political killings, Primo de Rivera held in, Negrín government in, Vega appointed governor, provides last republican refuge, refugees leave, prison