The Balkans: A Short History (26 page)

34. Durham,
Burden of the Balkans,
p. 51.

35.
New Martyrs,
p. 39; Durham,
Some Tribal Origins,
pp. 290–91.

36. Ramsay cited in V. N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide (Providence, R.I., 1995), p. 158; M. von Tietz,
St. Petersburgh, Constantinople and Napoli di Romania in 1833 and 1834
(New York, 1836), p. 135, citing an unnamed earlier traveler; Jennings,
Christians and
Muslims,
p. 101.

37. Gradeva, “Ottoman Policy Towards Christian Church Buildings,” pp. 14–35; J. V. de la Roiere, Voyage en Orient (Paris, 1836), p. 273.

38. D. Warriner, ed.,
Contrasts in Emerging Societies: Readings in the Social
and Economic History of South-Eastern Europe in the Nineteenth Century
(London, 1965), p. 234.

39. S. Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of
Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909
(London, 1999), p. 115.

40. “Martyrdom of Holy New Hieromartyr, Serafim, Bishop of Phanarion,” in
New Martyrs,
p. 361.

41. F. Venturi,
The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1989), pp. 10–29.

42. G. Finlay,
The History of Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domination
(London, 1861), pp. 323–24; Varlaam cited by T. Prousis,
Russian
Society and the Greek Revolution
(De Kalb, Ill., 1994), p. 6; T. Blancard, Les Mavroyeni (Paris, 1909), vol. 3, pp. 84–85; Dapontes in Mango, “Phanariots and Byzantine Tradition,” p. 55.

43. C. Koumarianou, “The Contribution of the Intelligentsia towards the Greek Independence Movement, 1798–1821,” in Clogg,
Struggle
for Greek Independence,
p. 70.

44. P. Kitromilides, “The Enlightenment East and West: A Comparative Perspective on the Ideological Origins of the Balkan Political Traditions,” in Kitromilides,
Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy,
pp. 51–70; R. Clogg, “Aspects of the Movement for Greek Independence,” in Clogg,
Struggle for Greek Independence,
p. 26.

45. Text in R. Clogg, ed.,
The Movement for Greek Independence, 1770–1821
(London, 1976), pp. 157–63.

46. Clogg, “Aspects,” pp. 25–29; Clogg,
Movement,
pp. 58–61, 89–90.

47. P. Khilandarski cited by Clogg, “Aspects,” p. 21; on the Romanian Enlightenment, see K. Hitchins, The Rumanian National Movement in
Transylvania, 1780–1849
(Cambridge, Mass., 1969).

48. P. Sugar and I. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle, 1969), pp. 105–6, 373–79, 401–2.

49. P. Kitromilides, “ ‘Imagined Communities’ and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans,” in Kitromilides,
Enlightenment,
Nationalism, Orthodoxy,
pp. xi, 158.

50. C. Frazee, The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece, 1821–1852 (Cambridge, 1969), p. 31.

51. Ibid., p. 188; P. Ramet, ed., Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twentieth Century (Durham, N.C., 1988), pp. 10–11.

52. On missionaries, J. Clarke,
American Missionaries and the National
Revival of Bulgaria
(1939; reprint, New York, 1971), pp. 233–34; Runciman,
Great Church,
p. 396.

3. EASTERN QUESTIONS

1. P. B. Shelley, Hellas, 1822.

2. L. von Ranke, The History of Servia and the Servian Revolution (London, 1853), p. 365.

3. T. G. Djuvara,
Cents projets de partage de la Turquie
(Paris, 1914).

4. Ibid., pp. 278–305.

5. Kolokotrónis cited by L. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York, 1965), p. 212; H. Temperley,
England and the Near East: The
Crimea
(London, 1936), p. 57.

6. A. Suceska, “The Eighteenth Century Austro-Ottoman Wars’ Economic Impact on the Population of Bosnia,” in G. Rothernberg et al., eds.,
East Central European Society and War in the Pre-Revolutionary Eigh
teenth Century (New York, 1982), pp. 339–48; H. Andonov-Poljanski, ed.,
British Documents on the History of the Macedonian People
(Skopje, 1968), vol. 1, p. 180.

7. Ranke,
History of Servia,
p. 66.

8. L. Edwards, ed., The Memoirs of Prota Matija Nenadovic (Oxford, 1969), p. 192.

9. Ranke, History of Servia, pp. 188–99; W. Vucinich, ed., The First Serbian Uprising, 1804–1813 (New York, 1982).

10. D. Skiotis, “The Greek Revolution: Ali Pacha’s Last Gamble,” in N. Diamandouros, ed.,
Hellenism and the First Greek War of Liberation
(Thessaloniki, 1976), pp. 97–109; K. Fleming, The Muslim Bonaparte:
Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha’s Greece
(Princeton, N.J., 1999).

11. Cited in T. Prousis,
Russian Society and the Greek Revolution
(De Kalb, Ill., 1994), pp. 139–40.

12. B. Jelavich,
Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914
(Cambridge, 1993), pp. 49–75.

13. H. A. Lidderdale, trans.,
Makriyannis: The Memoirs of General
Makriyannis, 1797–1864
(Oxford, 1966), p. 14; Andonov-Poljanski,
British Documents,
vol. 1, p. 221; T. Kolokotrónis,
Memoirs from the Greek
War of Independence, 1821–1833
(London, 1892), p. 157.

14. Prousis,
Russian Society,
p. 51; J. R. Marriott,
The Eastern Question: An
Historical Study in European Diplomacy
(Oxford, 1917), p. 214.

15. Andonov-Poljanski,
British Documents,
vol. 1, p. 264.

16. Vucinich, First Serb Uprising, p. 251.

17. J. A. Blanqui,
Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l’année 1844
(Paris, 1845), p. 67; on urban planning in the Ottoman Balkans, see A. Karadimou-Gerolympou,
I anoikodomisi tis Thessalonikis meta tin pyrkaia tou 1917
(Thessaloniki, 1995).

18. Blanqui,
Voyage en Bulgarie,
p. 93.

19. Jelavich,
Russia’s Balkan Entanglements,
pp. 75–90; B. Jelavich,
History
of the Balkans
(Cambridge, 1983), vol. 1, p. 265.

20. K. Hitchins, The Romanians, 1781–1866 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 161–66; C. Giurescu, History of Bucharest (Bucharest, 1976), pp. 48–51.

21. F. Kellogg,
The Road to Romanian Independence
(West Lafayette, Ind., 1995), p. 5.

22. M. Pinson, “Ottoman Bulgaria in the First Tanzimat Period: The Revolts in Nish (1841) and Vidin (1850),”
Middle Eastern Studies
11, no. 2 (May 1975), pp. 103–46; Odysseus [Sir Charles Eliot], Turkey
in Europe
(London, 1900), p. 347; M. Macdermott,
A History of Bulgaria, 1393–1885
(New York, 1962), p. 124.

23. Jelavich, History of Balkans, vol. 1, pp. 340–41.

24. J. F. Clarke,
Bible Societies, American Missionaries and the National
Revival of Bulgaria
(1937; reprint, New York, 1971); Macdermott,
History of Bulgaria,
pp. 194–95.

25. Jelavich,
History of Balkans,
vol. 1, p. 347.

26. On the political pressure exerted by irredentists, see J. Koliopoulos,
Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece,
1821–1912
(Oxford, 1987).

27. Eliot,
Turkey in Europe,
p. 271.

28. D. Livanios, “ ‘Conquering the Souls’: Nationalism and Greek Guerilla Warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904–1908,” Byzantine
and Modern Greek Studies
23 (1999), pp. 195–221.

29. A. Rappoport,
Au pays des martyrs: Notes et souvenirs d’un ancien consul
general d’Autriche-Hongrie en Macedoine (1904–1909) (Paris, 1927), p. 18.

30.
British Documents on Foreign A fairs,
part 1, series B, vol. 19 (Bethesda, Md., 1985), pp. 500–507.

31. H. C. Barkley, Bulgaria before the War (London, 1877), p. 272.

32. J. Baernreither,
Fragments of a Political Diary
(London, 1930), pp. 22–27, 51, 126.

33. B. Schmitt,
The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909
(Cambridge, 1937).

34. V. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London, 1966); Baernreither, Fragments, pp. 244–46.

35. H. Lowther to E. Grey, October 2, 1912, in B. Destani, ed.,
Albania and
Kosovo: Political and Ethnic Boundaries, 1867–1946
(London, 1999), p. 292.

36. L. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (rev. ed., London, 2000), p. 535.

37. R. W. Seton-Watson, A History of the Roumanians (Cambridge, 1934), ch. 16; N. Stone,
The Eastern Front
(London, 1975), pp. 71, 264, 277.

38. D. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs,
vol. 2 (London, n.d.).

39. Mansel,
Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924
(London, 1995), p. 408.

40. K. Calder, Britain and the Origins of the New Europe, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 1976), p. 16.

41. I. Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984).

4. BUILDING THE NATION-STATE

1. Cited in J. D. Bell,
Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923
(Princeton, N.J., 1977), p. 4.

2. V. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London, 1966), p. 73; O. Jaszi, “The Irresistibility of the National Idea,” in O. Jaszi, Homage to Danubia (Lanham, Md., 1994).

3. M. S. Anderson, The Great Powers and the Near East, 1774–1923 (London, 1970), p. 32; Naval Intelligence Division,
Jugoslavia
(n.p., 1944), vol. 2, pp. 104–7.

4. A. Toumarkine,
Les Migrations des populations musulmanes balkaniques
en Anatolie (1876–1913)
(Istanbul, 1995), pp. 27–50.

5. On the Romanian constitution, see K. Hitchins, Rumania, 1866–1947 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 16–17; P. Michelson,
Conflict and Crisis: Romanian Political Development, 1861–1871
(New York, 1987).

6.
Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars
(Washington, D.C., 1914), pp. 154–55.

7. F. Fellner, ed.,
Das politische tagebuch Josef Redlichs
(Vienna, 1953), vol. 1, pp. 280, 289; HMSO,
The Jugoslav Movement
(London, 1920), pp. 21–23.

8. M. Mazower, “Minorities and the League of Nations in Interwar Europe,” Daedalus, 126, no. 2 (Spring 1997), pp. 47–65.

9. For Greek documents on this dispute, see B. Kondis and E. Manda, eds.,
The Greek Minority in Albania: A Documentary Record (1921–1993)
(Thessaloniki, 1994).

10. H. Pozzi,
Black Hand over Europe
(London, 1935), p. 181.

11. O. Janowsky, People at Bay: The Jewish Problem in East-Central Europe (Oxford, 1938).

12. R. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (Washington, D.C., 1944), pp. 612, 626–27; A. Djilas,
The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991), ch. 4.

13. On Chetniks, see I. Banac, “Bosnian Muslims: From Religious Community to Socialist Nationhood and Post-Communist Statehood, 1918–1992,” in M. Pinson, ed.,
The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina
(Cambridge, Mass., 1994), pp. 142–43.

14. N. Malcolm,
Kosovo: A Short History
(London, 1998), p. 312; J. Koliopoulos,
Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek
West Macedonia
(New York, 1999).

15. R. King,
Minorities under Communism: Nationalities as a Source of Tension among Balkan Communist States
(Cambridge, Mass., 1973); P. Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York, 1968).

16. D. Mitrany, Marx against the Peasant (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1951), p. 118.

17. H. Tiltman,
Peasant Europe
(London, 1937).

18. For a case study, see M. Mazower,
Greece and the Interwar Economic
Crisis
(Oxford, 1991).

19. Hoare to Halifax, July 5, 1940, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. 21, 23:5 (Bethesda, Md., 1998), ch. 5, n. 55. I am indebted to Kate Thirolf for this reference.

20. E. Barker,
Truce in the Balkans
(London, 1948), p. 255.

21. Ibid.; H. Seton-Watson,
The East European Revolution
(London, 1954), pp. 254–55, 335, 388.

22. R. L. Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time (New York, 1978), ch. 14; M. E. Fischer, “Politics, Nationalism and Development in Romania,” in G. Augustinos, ed.,
Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe
(New York, 1991), p. 149.