The Balkans: A Short History (25 page)

33. S. Vryonis, “Religious Change and Continuity in the Balkans and Anatolia from the Fourteenth through the Seventeenth Century,” in S. Vryonis, ed.,
Islam and Cultural Change in the Middle Ages
(Wiesbaden, 1975), pp. 130–32.

34. Cf. M. Kiel,
Studies on the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans
(Aldershot, Eng., 1990), introduction; and S. Curcic and E. Hadjitryphonos, eds., Secular Medieval Architecture in the Balkans, 1300–1500,
and Its Preservation
(Thessaloniki, 1997). For population figures, see “
Istanbul
,”
Encyclopaedia of Islam
, vol. 4, p. 226–46, and, for other cities, J. de Vries,
European Urbanization, 1500–1800
(Cambridge, Mass., 1984), pp. 270–87; Lithgow,
Rare Adventures,
p. 179; Halsband,
Complete Letters,
vol. 1, p. 354.

35. T. Stoianovich, “Model and Mirror of the Premodern Balkan City” in T. Stoianovich,
Between East and West: The Balkan and Mediterranean
Worlds, vol. 2, Economies and Societies (New Rochelle, N.Y., 1992), p. 108; see also his “The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant” in ibid., pp. 1–77.

36. Stoianovich,
Balkan Worlds,
p. 75;
Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe,
p. 67; Tietz,
St. Petersburgh,
p. 79; J. J. Best,
Excursions in Albania
(London, 1842), p. 188; Warriner,
Contrasts,
p. 146; H. Andonov-Poljansky, ed.,
British Documents on the History of the Macedonian People
(Skopje, 1968), vol. 1, p. 287.

37. Stoianovich, “Balkan Peasants, Landlords,” p. 30.

38. Ibid., p. 38, n. 80; Evans,
Through Bosnia,
pp. 334–36.

39.Blanqui in Warriner, Contrasts, pp. 216, 244; W. Smyth, A Year with the
Turks
(New York, 1854), p. 224.

40. J. K. Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage (Oxford, 1964), p. 15.

41. R. Bicanic,
How the People Live: Life in the Passive Regions
(Amherst, Mass., 1981), p. 52; Lampe and Jackson,
Balkan Economic History,
pp. 193–94; H. L. Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State (New York, 1969), pp. 3–9.

42. C. Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry and Holy War in the Sixteenth Century Adriatic (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), p. 31; Djilas,
Land without Justice,
pp. 142, 201.

43. Warriner,
Contrasts,
p. 298; Palairet,
Balkan Economies,
p. 122; on the village, see N. Iorga,
Etudes Byzantines
(Bucharest, 1939), vol. 1, p. 172.

44. A. Hulme Beaman,
Twenty Years in the Near East
(London, 1898), p. 121.

45. Bicanic, How the People Live, pp. 121–23; K. Mandelbaum,
The Industrialisation of Backward Areas
(Oxford, 1945), p. 2.

46. S. Runciman, “Balkan Cities—Yesterday and Today,” in D. W. Hoover and J. Koumoulides, eds.,
Cities in History
(Muncie, Ind., 1977), pp. 1–13.

2. BEFORE THE NATION

1. M. Avgerinos,
Makedonika apomnimonevmata
(Athens, 1914), p. 10.

2. E. Durham, The Burden of the Balkans (London, 1905), pp. 143–44.

3. H. N. Brailsford,
Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future
(London, 1906), pp. 99–100.

4. H. Lowther to E. Grey, October 2, 1912, in B. Destani, ed.,
Albania
and Kosovo: Political and Ethnic Boundaries, 1867–1946
(London, 1999), p. 292.

5. P. Charanis, “Ethnic Changes in Seventh-Century Byzantium” in P. Charanis, Studies on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire:
Collected
Studies
(London, 1972), pp. 36–38.

6. D. Zakythinos, “Byzance et les peuples de l’Europe du sud-est: La synthèse byzantine,” in D. Zakythinos,
Byzance: Etat-société-economie
(London, 1973), vol. 6, p. 13; on Greek in Romania, see S. Story, ed.,
Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey
(London, 1920), p. 21; A. Smith,
Glimpses
of Greek Life and Scenery
(London, 1884); A. Ducellier,
Oi alvanoi stin
Ellada (13os–15os aion.)
(Athens, 1994).

7. See T. Stavrides, “The Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474)” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1996).

8. C. H. Fleischer, Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The
Historian Mustafa Ali (1541–1600)
(Princeton, N.J., 1986), pp. 158–59; Symeon in M. Balivet, “Aux origins de l’islamisation des Balkans Ottomans,”
Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée
66, no. 4 (1992), p. 13; Sandys in S. Purchas, ed., Purchas His Pilgrimes (Glasgow, 1905), vol. 8, p. 123; H. C. Barkley, Bulgaria before the War (London, 1877), p. 179; W. Lithgow,
Rare Adventures and Painefull Peregrinations
(1632; reprint, London, 1928), p. 101; R. Halsband, ed.,
The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 1708–1720
(Oxford, 1965), p. 390.

9. R. Gradeva, “Ottoman Policy towards Christian Church Buildings,”
Etudes Balkaniques
(1994), pp. 14–36; A. Handzic,
Population of Bosnia
in the Ottoman Period
(Istanbul, 1994), p. 21.

10. H. F. Tozer,
Researches in the Highlands of Turkey
(London, 1869), vol. 1, p. 202; on Crete, see M. Greene,
A Shared World
(Princeton, N.J., 2000).

11. S. Vryonis, “Religious Change and Continuity in the Balkans and Anatolia from the Fourteenth through the Sixteenth Century,” in S. Vryonis, ed.,
Islam and Cultural Change in the Middle Ages
(Wiesbaden, 1975), pp. 127–41; P. Sugar, “
The Least Affected Social Group in the Ottoman Balkans: The Peasantry
,” in S. Vryonis, ed.,
Byzantine Studies: Essays on the Slavic World and the Eleventh Century
(New York, 1992), pp. 77–87; N. Sousa,
The Capitulatory Regime of
Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature
(Baltimore, 1933), pp. 36ff.; R. Jennings,
Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640
(New York, 1993), p. 143.

12. N. Filipovic, “A Contribution to the Problem of Islamicisation in the Balkans under Ottoman Rule,” in
Ottoman Rule in Middle Europe and
Balkan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(Prague, 1978), pp. 305–59; N. Todorov, “The Demographic Situation in the Balkan Peninsula (Late Fifteenth–Early Sixteenth Century),” in N. Todorov,
Society, the City and Industry in the Balkans, Fifteenth– Nineteenth Centuries
(Aldershot, U.K., 1998), vol. 6.

13. On Catholic–Orthodox interaction, see L. Hadrovics, Le Peuple serbe et son eglise sous la domination turque (Paris, 1947), esp. p. 25; K. T. Ware, “Orthodox and Catholics in the Seventeenth Century: Schism or Intercommunion?” in D. Baker, ed.,
Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest
(Cambridge, 1972), pp. 259–76; G. Hoffmann,
Vescovadi Cattolici della
Grecia
(Rome, 1937–1941), vols. 2–5.

14. T. H. Papadopoulos,
Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the
Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination
(Brussels, 1952), pp. 10–26; Hadrovics,
Le Peuple serb,
pp. 95–96. For an important reassessment of the millet system, see P. Konortas, “From Ta’ife to Millet: Ottoman Terms for the Ottoman Greek Orthodox Community,” in D. Gondicas and C. Issawi, eds., Orthodox Greeks in the Age of
Nationalism
(Princeton, N.J., 1999), pp. 169–81, and also B. Braude and B. Lewis, eds.,
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society
(New York, 1982).

15. Crusius cited by S. Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge, 1968), p. 180; L. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York, 1965), p. 181.

16. P. Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924 (London, 1995), p. 148; R. Abou-el-Haj, “Ottoman Diplomacy at Karlowitz,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
87, no. 4 (1967), pp. 498–512; C. Mango, “The Phanariots and the Byzantine Tradition,” in R. Clogg, ed.,
The Struggle for Greek Independence
(London, 1973), p. 51.

17. Runciman,
Great Church,
p. 391; Stavrianos,
Balkans since 1453,
p. 225; A. J. Evans,
Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot
(London, 1877), pp. 267–68.

18. P. Kitromilides,“Cultural Change and Social Criticism: The Case of Iosipos Moisiodax,” in P. Kitromilides, Enlightenment, Nationalism,
Orthodoxy: Studies in the Culture and Political Thought of Southeastern
Europe
(Aldershot, Eng., 1994), p. 671, and his “ ‘Balkan Mentality’: History, Legend, Imagination,”
Nations and Nationalism
2, no. 22 (1996), pp. 163–91; C. Dawson, The Making of Europe (London, 1946), p. 147; S. Batalden, Catherine II’s Greek Prelate:
Eugenios Voulgaris in Russia, 1771–1806
(Boulder, Colo., 1982); Mango, “Phanariots and Byzantine Tradition,” pp. 41–67.

19. Lithgow,
Rare Adventures,
p. 76.

20.
New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke
(Seattle, 1985), p. 321; Fleischer, Bureaucrat and Intellectual, pp. 62–63.

21. E. S. Forster, ed., The Turkish Letters of Ghiselin de Busbecq (Oxford, 1927), p. 136; H. Pernot, ed.,
Voyage en Turquie et en Grece de Robert de
Dreux (Paris, 1925), p. 62; W. B. Stanford and E. J. Finopoulos, eds.,
The Travels of Lord Charlemont in Greece and Turkey, 1749
(London, 1984), p. 39.

22. On Nikolaos of Metsovo, see
New Martyrs,
pp. 185–87; on Cyprus, see Jennings,
Christians and Muslims,
pp. 179–81; Tozer,
Researches,
vol. 2, p. 80; S. Lane Poole, The People of Turkey (London, 1878), vol. 2, p. 225.

23. M. E. Durham,
Some Tribal Origins, Laws and Customs of the Balkans
(London, 1928), pp. 244–61.

24. Boscovich cited in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe (Stanford, Calif., 1994), p. 175; W. Smyth, A Year with the Turks (New York, 1854), p. 22.

25. D. Loukopoulos,
Georgika tis Roumelis
(Athens, 1938), pp. 163–64; C. Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry and Holy War in the Sixteenth Century Adriatic (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), pp. 158–59, n. 12; Tozer, Researches, vol. 1, pp. 206–7; L. Edwards, ed.,
The Memoirs of Prota Matija Nenadovic
(Oxford, 1969), p. 17.

26. G. Rouillard,
La Vie rurale dans l’Empire byzantine
(Paris, 1953), p. 199; cf., for useful methodological remarks, V. Shevzov, “Chapels and the Ecclesial World of Prerevolutionary Peasants,”
Slavic Review
55, no. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 584–613, and C. Chulos, “Myths of the Pious or Pagan Peasant in Post-Emancipation Central Russia (Voronezh Province),”
Russian History
22, no. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 181–216. My thanks to Laura Engelstein for these references.

27. Cited in Balivet, “Aux origins,” p. 18; see the work of W. Christian, especially
Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain
(Princeton, N.J., 1981). My thanks to Ken Mills for this reference. Forster,
Busbecq,
pp. 136–37.

28. A “shared world” comes from M. Greene’s new
A Shared World
(Princeton, N.J., 2000), N. Todorov, “Traditions et transformations dans les villes balkaniques avec l’instauration de l’Empire ottoman” in Todorov,
Society, the City,
vol. 3, p. 99; Jennings,
Christians and Muslims,
pp. 134, 142.

29. B. F. Musallam,
Sex and Society in Islam
(Cambridge, 1983); Purchas,
Purchas His Pilgrimes,
vol. 8 p. 276; N. Pantazopoulos,
Church and Law
in the Balkan Peninsula during Ottoman Rule,
in
Epistimoniki epeterida:
Anticharisma ston Nikolao I. Pantazopoulo
(Thessaloniki, 1986), vol. 3, pp. 327–29; Stanford and Finopoulos, Lord Charlemont, pp. 48–49. The practice of kepinion is also described in the seventeenth-century accounts of Thevenot and Sir Paul Rycaut,
The Present State of the
Greek and Armenian Churches anno Christi, 1678
(New York, 1970).

30. F. Babinger,
Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
(Princeton, N.J., 1978), pp. 16–18; Story,
Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Pasha,
p. 38.

31. Jennings,
Christians and Muslims,
p. 29; Greene,
A Shared World;
C. Imber, “ ‘Involuntary’ Annulment of Marriage and Its Solutions in Ottoman Law” in C. Imber, Studies in Ottoman History and Law (Istanbul, 1996), p. 226.

32. R. Dankoff, trans.,
The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman Melek
Ahmed Pasha (1588–1662), as Portrayed in Evliya Celebi’s Book of Travels
(Seyahat-Name) (Albany, N.Y., 1991), pp. 249–50; see also Bracewell,
Uskoks,
pp. 181–82.

33. F. W. Hasluck,
Christianity and Islam under the Sultans
(Oxford, 1929), vol. 2, p. 554; Durham,
Burden of the Balkans,
p. 356.