The Articulate Mammal (62 page)

slips of the tongue
13
,
54
–
5
,
160
,
213
,
215
–
16
,
218
–
24
,
236
,
244
;
see also
errors

Slobin, D.I.
64
–
5
,
108
,
113
,
125
,
130
,
138
,
140
–
5
,
196
,
243

slot-filling
9
–
11
,
35
,
89
,
114
,
123
–
4

Smith, N.V.
133
,
143
,
243

Snow, C.E.
243

social context
xix

sodium amytal test
44
–
5
,
47

spatial concepts
237
,
239

species specificity
18

speech: biological adaptations
53
–
7
; brain areas responsible for
50
; brain damage impact on
48
; child-directed
65
–
6
,
134
–
8
,
243
; comprehension of
xvii
,
185
–
211
,
236
; correspondence hypothesis
170
–
4
; derivational theory of complexity
170
–
4
; errors
213
,
215
–
24
,
225
–
6
,
228
; one-word utterances
68
,
72
,
77
,
101
–
4
; transformations ix; two-word utterances
61
,
68
,
72
–
4
,
79
,
104
–
10
,
112
,
129
;
see also
child language; planning of speech; production of speech

speed of utterance
56
,
186

‘split brain’ patients
47
–
8

spontaneous usage (design feature of language)
21
,
22
; ape communication
30
,
31

spoonerisms
222

spreading activation model
188
,
226

Springer, S.P.
241

S-structure
see
surface structure

stages of language development
68
–
77

Stahlke, H.F.W.
36

Stamenov, M.
58

Stoel-Gammon, C.
72

Stowe, L.A.
51

Straf, M.
143
,
226

strategies (perceptual)
179
,
193
–
202
,
203
–
4
,
211
,
244
; actor-action-object
195
–
6
,
198
; canonical sentoid
193
–
5
,
198
,
204
; main clause first
197
,
198
; Principle of Late Closure
200
–
1
,
204
; Principle of Minimal Attachment
200
,
204
; ‘sensible sentences’
197
–
8

strategies (production)
232

Stromswolo, K.
57

structural adaptations (of humans to language)
41
–
53

structure dependence (design feature of language): definition of
8
–
9
; lacking in animal communication
31
,
32
,
35
–
6
,
38
; in language
8
–
11
,
24
,
89
,
123
–
4
;
see also
rule-governedness

Struhsaker, T.T.
19
,
25

sub-sentences
153
–
4

substantive vs. formal universals
87
–
9

suffixes
116
,
141
,
143
,
226

suppression of alternatives
227
,
238

surface markers
209
–
10

surface structure (S-structure)
89
–
90
,
91
; Minimalist Program
98
; transformations
159
,
161
; Universal Grammar
94

Swinney, D.
189

switch setting
95
–
7
,
98
,
128
–
9

syllables
56
,
143
,
226
,
227
,
231
,
232

syntactic clauses vs. phonemic clauses
224

syntactic insight
139

syntax
xviii
–
xix
,
110
; brain hemispheres
48
; deep and surface levels
91
; development of
243
; grammatical responses to behavioural constraints
199
; linguistic sophistication in children
132
; motherese
136
; planning of speech
227
–
30
,
232
; semantic relationships
139

tachistoscopic presentation
46
,
172

Taine, H.
69

talk, ability to
17
–
18

Tanenhaus, M.K.
xvi
,
182
–
3
,
189
,
190
,
244

Tatu (chimp)
31

Taylor, J.R.
239

teaching: parent-child interaction
136
; role in language acquisition
62
–
5

teeth
41

telegraphic speech
73
,
132
;
see also
two-word stage

Tennyson, Alfred Lord
69

Terrace, H.
32
–
4

Thorpe, W.H.
22
,
38
–
9
,
77

thought and language xix Tiedemann, D.
72

tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon
213
,
225
,
227

to + verb
146
–
7

Tomasello, M.
27
,
38
,
83
,
84
,
99
,
148
,
237
,
241
,
242
,
243

tone groups
224
–
5
,
228
,
231
,
232

tongue
41

tongue slip ‘laws’
224

tonic word
231

Tooby, J.
238

top-down vs. bottom-up models
192

topic vs. comment
107

top-to-bottom model
158
–
9
,
161
–
2

Towne, W.F.
23

Townsend, D.J.
204

Toynbee, P.
151

Trackton community
137

Tracy, F.
70

Trager, G.
20

transformational grammar
151
–
2
,
236
,
242
,
243
–
4
; archival nature of
177
,
179
–
80
,
182
,
236
;
justification for
162
; linguistic knowledge
169
,
182
; problems with ‘classic’ version
162
–
5
,
174
; transformations
viii
–
ix
,
89
–
90
,
91
,
94
,
159
–
60
,
161
,
162
–
4
,
165
,
170
–
4