The Articulate Mammal (60 page)

Minh (child)
111
–
12

Minimal Attachment, Principle of
200
,
204

Minimalist Program
98

mirror neurons
58

Mitton, J.L.
213

MLU
see
mean length of utterances

modifiers
95
,
128
–
9

modularity
94
,
165

monitoring device (in production)
232

Morse, P.A.
72

mother-child interaction
see
parent-child interaction

motherese
66
,
134
–
8

Motley, M.E.
232

mouth
41
–
2

MRI
see
magnetic resonance imaging

Müller, R.-A.
52
,
81
,
242

mynah birds
28

Nabokov, V.
217

naming
103
–
4

Nash, O. xiv,
27
,
100

nature vs. nurture debate
2
,
82
,
235
,
237

negative evidence
137

negative feedback
137

negatives: acquisition of
68
,
75
,
114
–
16
,
134
; comprehension of
210
; Genie’s use of
79
; planning of speech
230
; sentence-matching experiment
ix
,
171
–
2
,
173

Nelson, K.
63
,
112

neurological plasticity
81
,
82
,
121

Newport, E.L.
81
,
135
,
136
,
242

Nicaragua’s deaf community
81
,
242

Nicholas (child)
134

Nim Chimpsky (chimp)
32
–
4

Nooteboom, S.G.
222

Norris, D.
188

Nottebohm, F.
27
,
77

nouns: brain activity
52
; planning of speech
228
; word endings
141
–
2

nurture vs. nature debate
2
,
82
,
235
,
237

Nygaard, L.C.
244

Oberman, L.M.
57

Obler, L.K.
45
,
242

observational adequacy
157
,
161

O’Grady, W.
242
,
243

omission of surface markers
209
–
10

one-word utterances
68
,
72
,
77
,
101
–
4

operant conditioning
vii
–
viii
,
3

operating principles (in language acquisition)
140
–
5

order of acquisition
74
–
6

order of words: ape communication
31
; backward processing
208
–
9
; child language
108
–
9
,
143
,
145
; Emperor of Jupiter example
156
–
7

origin of language
237
,
239
,
240

Osherson, D.N.
15

outline planning (of speech)
227
–
8
,
230
,
232

overgeneralization (by children)
101
,
113
,
120
,
139
,
142
,
148
–
9

‘pacemaker’ concept
230
–
1

Panbanisha (bonobo)
38

parallel processing
187
,
190
,
211
,
229
,
238

parameter setting
95
–
7
,
98
,
128
–
9

parent-child interaction
4
–
5
,
65
–
6
,
134
–
8

Parkinson’s disease
56

parrots
28

‘passive secretary’ approach
186

passives: acquisition of
76
; children’s complex sentence constructions
131
–
2
; deep structure experiments
175
; derivational theory of complexity
173
–
4
; picture verification experiment
196
; sentencematching experiment
ix
,
171
–
2
,
173
; transformational grammar
159

past tenses vii; acquisition of
66
–
7
,
74
,
113
,
118
–
20
,
243
; brain activity
52

pattern matching
238

pauses
213
–
14

Peirce, C.S.
14

Penfield, W.
47
,
49

Pepperberg, I.M.
28

perceptual strategies
179
,
193
–
202
,
203
–
4
,
211
,
244
; actor-action-object
195
–
6
,
198
; canonical sentoid
193
–
5
,
198
,
204
; main clause first
197
,
198
; Principle of Late Closure
200
–
1
,
204
; Principle of Minimal Attachment
200
,
204
; ‘sensible sentences’
197
–
8

performance vs. competence
155
,
160

perseverations
218
,
223

PET (positron emission tomography) scans
51

Peters, A.M.
111
–
12
,
114
,
126

Petitto, L.A.
33
,
121

phoneme monitoring
189

phonemic clauses vs. syntactic clauses
224

phonological rules
89

phonology
xviii
–
xix
,
89

phrase structure model
161
–
2

physiological adaptations (of humans to language)
41
–
3

picture verification experiment
196

Pine, J.M.
243

Pinker, S.
14
–
15
,
138
,
147
,
149
,
241
,
243
,
244

Pisoni, D.B.
244

pivot grammar
105
–
6

planning of speech
212
–
13
,
227
–
33
; biological adaptations
55
–
6
; pauses
214
; units of planning
224
–
5
; word selection
225
–
7

Plato
2

Plunkett, K.
113
,
243

plurals
142

poetry
56

Polkey, C.E.
78

portmanteau words
221

Posner, M.I.
51
,
242

practice, role in language acquisition
62
,
66
–
8

prefrontal cortex
51

prenatal hearing
71

primate call systems
18
–
19

Prince, A.
243

principle of contrast
120

Principle of Late Closure
200
–
1
,
204

Principle of Minimal Attachment
200
,
204