Read Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking Online
Authors: Douglas Hofstadter,Emmanuel Sander
Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (146 page)
tail wagging the dog
concept,
120–121
tango rote memorization as member of category
boat on tracks
,
521–522
Tartaglia, Niccolò,
438
taste, good
versus
bad,
see
good taste
technical terms, originating in everyday world,
395–400
technology, understood through homey analogies,
394–400
technomorphism,
404–407
telephone-answering gaffe,
175
“temps”, distinct concepts associated with the French word,
78
Thagard, Paul,
330
“that” as mediating me-too analogies,
148–149
“the” as naming a category,
76
“theorem” of set theory applicable to subtraction word-problems,
431–434
“there”, as mediating analogies,
23
,
140–143
,
156
,
366
“There Is No Word” (Tony Hoagland),
133
thermodynamics, as bedrock of physics,
458
thinking, non-logical nature of,
258
,
307–312
“thinking outside the box” and “thinking different”, as recipes for creativity,
248–249
thirteen types of cubic equations,
439–440
“thirties, the”, as a single historical precedent,
332
,
334
Thor/Scott resemblance,
181–182
,
224
thoughts, blended together,
see
biplans
,
lexical blends three fifties
versus
fifty threes
,
414–415
,
422
three stars/Nobel Prize
analogy,
462
three subtractions
versus
one subtraction,
429–434
throwaway analogies,
see
me-too analogies
,
banalogies
thumb/big toe
and
thumb/little toe
analogies,
516
thumb/little finger
analogy,
350–351
thumb #1/thumb #2
analogy,
350
,
515
,
516
Tim, developing the concept of
mother
,
34–38
,
48
“time”, concepts associated with the English word,
77–78
,
82–83
time: described in terms of space,
63
; negative amounts of,
441
time perception
versus
price perception,
429–434
“timeless essences” of experiences,
172–174
titmice conflated with mice,
385–386
,
387
toe/finger
analogy,
464
toe-stubbing in Copycat domain,
356–357
Tom, who saw a cigarette “melting”,
see
Sander
,
Tom “too”, as the name of a category
,
76
total rote recording of events,
172
,
174
,
348
Towers of Hanoi puzzle, naïvely misconstrued,
294–295
tracks, as obstacle to train’s motion
versus
as enabler of train’s motion,
314–315
trains, frame-blended with each other,
140–141
,
366
transculturation: in translation,
377–382
; reasons to avoid,
379
transfer in problem-solving dependent on superficial features,
340
transforming acceleration away,
487
translation: of
Alice in Wonderland
,
369–370
; analogies as indispensable in,
370–372
,
375–382
; as decoding process,
368
,
370
; frame-blending’s role in,
367–368
,
378–379
; grammar’s key role in,
376–377
; human approach to,
370–372
,
374–377
; by machine,
25
,
367–377
,
378
; not necessarily entailing a loss in quality,
382
; preservation of rhyme and meter in,
380–382
; preservation of tone in,
370–372
,
378
,
381–382
; statistical approach to,
372–374
; superficial analogies used by machines for,
373
,
375
; transculturation’s role in,
377–382
; understanding of meaning as indispensable for,
375–377
translator #1/translator #2
analogy in publishing,
306–308
traps: due to surface-level appearances,
345
; due to unconscious preconceptions,
290–295
trees
versus
forest,
93
triage, for rapid categorization, served by analogy-making,
46
tribe with dual meanings for words,
286
triggering of memories via analogy,
18
,
161
;
see also
evocation,
reminding
,
memory retrieval
“trips” “placed in” “shopping carts”,
397–398
trivial side show more fascinating than the main event
, as conceptual skeleton of numerous situations,
162–166
truck
, members of Lenni’s category,
43
true identity of objects, illusion of,
190–192
Trump, Donald,
523
truth, conveyed through falsity and analogy,
366
Turkey as the Falkland Islands of Greece,
332
Turner, Mark,
38
,
335
,
362–364
,
365
,
433
,
443
“turnip”, opacity to an English speaker,
232
“turn the other eye”, contributing phrases in,
262–264
Twain, Mark,
130
; face of,
182–184
,
520
,
521
Twain/Grieg/Einstein
category,
182–184
,
336
,
520
,
522
Tweedledee,
436
;
see also
Tweedledum Tweedledum,
446
;
see also
Tweedledee Tweety, as potential member of category
bird
,
59–60
Tylenol murders, conceptual sphere around,
246–248
typicality of concepts, effects of,
390–391
tyranny of analogies,
310–312
—U—
Ulam, Stanislaw,
502
unconscious analogies,
259–281
,
282
,
285–286
,
383
,
386
,
390
,
403–407
;
see also
categorical blinders
,
errors
,
fleeting analogies
,
latent analogies
,
naïve analogies
understanding: as becoming used to something,
416
; bypassing of, in machine translation,
368–370
,
372–375
; indispensability of, in human translation,
375–377
undo
, on-line concept of, frame-blended with physical world,
406
undressing a banana,
39
,
270
; as flip of peeling off clothes,
126
unfortunate incidents caused by trying to avoid them
, category of,
524–526
unification: as characteristic of Einstein’s analogies,
453–454
; as key cognitive drive in mathematics and physics,
440
,
441
;
see also
cosmic sense of unity
,
Einstein
unlabeled concepts,
see
concepts
unmarked meaning of a word, 193
“unpacking” of a concept when needed,
50–52
unsolvability via radicals of quintic equation,
446
upwards leap as “recipe” for creativity,
247–252
,
256
—V—
vacuum: in a given language,
see
lacunæ; as medium for waves
,
212–213
,
361
,
455
,
see also
black body
vegetarianism, caricature analogy explaining logic of,
326
vehicular shadow,
207
verbal labels as merely hinting at categories’ nature,
94
,
96–99
verbs as names of categories,
39–42
,
66–67
,
399
vertical refinement of category systems,
235–245
“very”, as the name of a very intangible category,
75
vibrational energy of atoms, quantization of,
456–457
,
460
Vietnam, as the Czechoslovakia of the 1960s,
334
Vietnam War: decisions affecting the course of,
331–337
; as hackneyed source for political analogies,
17
Villani, Cédric,
500
virtual desktop, paradox concerning,
401
virtual world: as model for the physical world,
402–407
; mouse moving things in,
252–253
; understood by analogy to tangible world,
395–400
virtuosity in memory retrieval,
110
,
128
vision and understanding, deep relation of,
286–287
visual analogies: combined with functional analogies,
277–278
; misleading, as central to an episode’s encoding,
169–170
Vitruvius,
210
Volkswagen on stump as Christmas tree,
253–254
volumes suddenly perceived everywhere,
301–302
—W—
waiting room of a professional
schema,
see
office visit
wartime decisions: as opposed to domestic decisions,
337
; role of analogy in,
17
,
331–337
water, as minimal beverage,
280
watered-down
, concept of,
280
water waves,
see
waves
wavelength,
210–213
,
455
,
459
,
460
waves : on a beach,
209
; circular motion in water,
211
; due to compression,
211
,
213
,
361
; crisscrossing in blackbody cavity,
455–456
; dispersive
versus
nondispersive,
211
; Doppler effect for,
469–471
; electromagnetic,
212–213
,
455–460
,
462
,
469–471
, 483 (
see also
light
); frequency of,
210
; gradual abstraction of concept of,
209–214
; of hands,
209
; hitchhiking on other waves,
213
; interference of,
210
; light understood as,
211–213
,
361
; longitudual
versus
transverse,
210–211
,
213
,
361
; medium of,
210–214
,
361
; of moonlets in Saturn’s rings,
213
; on the open sea,
209
; period of,
210
; quantum-mechanical,
214
,
453
; reflection of,
210
; refraction of,
210
; sound understood as,
210–213
,
361
; speed of,
209
,
211
,
213
; of spin,
213
; of temperature,
213
; of traffic,
211
; in vacuum,
212–213
,
361
; in water, due to gravity,
209
; in water, due to surface tension,
209–211
; of wheat,
209
,
214
; wrong guesses about,
361
Way We Think, The
(Fauconnier and Turner),
362–364
,
443
“we”, three senses of,
196
Weaver, Warren,
368
,
369–370
,
372
Web, World-Wide, as repository of speech errors,
261
wedding-ring loss, me-too analogies based on,
146–147
Weidemann, Christoph, request for water by,
280
where
, carried from physical world to virtual world,
407
Where there’s smoke, there’s fire
situations,
102–103