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32
Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’, p. 74.
33
Ibid.
34
Blaramberg,
Vospominania
,
p. 60.
35
Ibid.,
p. 64.
36
Burnes,
Cabool
, p. 104.
37
Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’,
p. 70.
38
See Fayz Mohammad,
Siraj ul-Tawarikh
, vol. I, pp. 184–8; Masson,
Narrative of Various Journeys
,
vol. III, pp. 307–9; Hopkins,
The Making of Modern Afghanistan
,
pp. 101–7; Noelle,
State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan
,
pp. 15–17; Kapadia, ‘The Diplomatic Career of Sir Claude Wade’, p. 203.
39
NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 15 May 1837, no. 08, Masson to Wade, 25 February 1837.
40
Ibid.
41
Fayz Mohammad,
Siraj ul-Tawarikh
, vol. I, p. 186. The Amir who commissioned the
Siraj
left a marginal note on the mss: ‘I heard from some elderly men that Hari Singh was riding on an elephant and heading into the fray when suddenly a bullet struck him in a fatal spot and he died. It is not known who killed him.’ Whatever the truth, Afghan literature has always assumed that it was Akbar Khan who personally despatched Hari Singh, and he is credited with the deed in Kashmiri’s
Akbarnama
and several other epics.
42
Norris,
First Afghan War
, p. 114.
43
Burnes,
Cabool
,
p. 139, and his letter to Calcutta, 9 October 1837, NAI, Foreign, Political Consultations, letters from Secretary of State, 28 September 1842, no. 21.
44
Masson,
Narrative of Various Journeys
, vol. III, p. 445.
45
Ibid., pp. 447–9.
46
See for example Maulana Hamid Kashmiri,
Akbarnama.
47
Ibid.
48
Ibid.,
ch. 9.
49
Masson,
Narrative of Various Journeys
,
vol. III, p. 97.
50
Vigne,
Visits to Afghanistan
,
pp. 176–7.
51
Burnes,
Cabool
,
p. 140.
52
Ibid.
53
Ibid.,
pp. 142–3.
54
Mirza ‘Ata,
Naway Ma’arek
, pp. 162–72.
55
Kashmiri,
Akbarnama
, ch. 10.
56
Fayz Mohammad,
Siraj ul-Tawarikh
, vol. I, p. 192.
57
Kashmiri,
Akbarnama
, ch. 11.
58
Masson,
Narrative of Various Journeys
,
vol. III, pp. 452–3.
59
Ibid. A more accurate translation of Garib Nawaz would be ‘He Who Cherishes the Poor’.
60
NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 19 August 1825, Burnes to Holland, nos 3–4.
61
Sir Penderel Moon,
The British Conquest and Dominion of India
,
London, 1989, p. 492.
62
This was of course the same Macaulay who ignorantly remarked in his Minute on Education that ‘a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia . . . the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanscrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England’. In the ‘anglicist’ vs ‘Orientalist’ debate which followed, Macaulay and Macnaghten were on opposing sides. For the procession see Emily Eden,
Up the Country: Letters written to her Sister from the Upper Provinces of India
, Oxford, 1930, p. 1.
63
Emily Eden,
Miss Eden’s Letters
, ed. by her great-niece, Violet Dickinson, London, 1927, p. 293.
64
W. G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing
,
London, 1840,pp. 209–10. The Venetians, masters of a previous trading empire, had a similar approach.
65
Eden,
Miss Eden’s Letters
, p. 263.
66
Ibid.
67
Eden,
Up the Country
,
p. 18.
68
Fanny Eden,
Tigers, Durbars and Kings: Fanny Eden’s Indian journals, 1837–1838
, transcribed and ed. by Janet Dunbar, London, 1988, p. 72.
69
Eden,
Miss Eden’s Letters
, p. 299; Eden,
Up the Country
, p.3.
70
Eden,
Up the Country
,
p. 156.
71
Eden,
Tigers, Durbars and Kings
, pp. 77–80.
72
Eden,
Up the Country
,
pp. 4, 46.
73
Eden,
Tigers, Durbars and Kings
, p. 124.
74
Ibid., p. 60.
75
Mohan Lal,
Life of Amir Dost Mohammad
, vol. I, pp. 249–50.
76
Yapp,
Strategies
, p. 245; A. C. Banerjee,
Anglo-Sikh Relations: Chapters fromJ. D. Cunningham’s History of the Sikhs
, Calcutta, 1949, p. 53.
77
Mohan Lal,
Life of Amir Dost Mohammad
, vol. I, pp. 250–2.
78
BL, OIOC, ESL 48: no. 87 of no. 1 of 8 February 1838 (IOR/L/PS/5/129), Extract of a letter from Wade to Macnaghten, 1 January 1838.
79
BL, OIOC, ESL 50: no. 18;
Kapadia, ‘The Diplomatic Career of Sir Claude Wade’,
p. 385.
80
BL, OIOC, ESL 48: no. 87 of no. 1 of 8 February 1838 (IOR/L/PS/5/129), Extract of a letter from Wade to Macnaghten, 1 January 1838.
81
NAI, Foreign, Political Consultations, 11 September 1837, no. 4.
82
Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’, p. 76.
83
NAI, Foreign, Political Consultations, 6 June 1838, nos 21–2.
84
BL, Broughton Papers, Add Mss 37692, fol. 71, Auckland to Hobhouse, 6 January 1838; Norris,
First Afghan War
, p. 139.
85
Johnson,
The Afghan Way of War
, p. 42.
86
Herawi,
‘Ayn al-Waqayi
, p. 29; Fayz Mohammad,
Siraj ul-Tawarikh
, vol. I,pp. 189–90.
87
Norris,
First Afghan War
, pp. 129–30.
88
NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 19 August 1825, nos 3–4, 1, 11–14. Extracts from private letters from the late Sir Alex Burnes to Major Holland between the years 1837 and 1841 relating to affairs in Afghanistan.
89
Burnes,
Cabool
,
pp. 261–2.
90
BL, OIOC, L/PS/5/130, Burnes to Macnaghten, 18 February 1838.
91
BL, OIOC, ESL 48: no. 100 of no. 1 of 8 February 1838 (IOR/L/PS/5/129), Burnes to Auckland, 23 December 1837.
92
NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 19 August 1825, nos 3–4, 1, 11–14.
93
Norris,
First Afghan War
, p. 141.
94
Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’,
p. 76.
95
Masson,
Narrative of Various Journeys
,
vol. III, p. 465.
96
Mirza ‘Ata,
Naway Ma’arek
, pp. 162–72.
97
Norris,
First Afghan War
, p. 151.
98
NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 22 August to 3 October 1838, no. 60, Pottinger to Burnes.
99
Mohan Lal,
Life of Amir Dost Mohammad
, vol. I, p. 281.
BOOK: Return of a King: The Battle For Afghanistan
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