Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II (63 page)

1.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 194.

2.
Ibid., pp. 195–96.

3.
Ibid., pp. 196–97.

4.
U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan,
Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan
, Series S:
Ship and Related Targets
, Index no. S-17,
Japanese Submarine Operations
(Washington, D.C.: Operational Archives, U.S. Navy History Division, 1946), chap. 2. December 30, 1944, has also been given as a squadron formation date.

5.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 123; Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … aims for U.S. fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,”
I-401 History, I-401
Submarine Society, Japan; Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945
(London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 110; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 36.

6.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 123.

7.
Ibid.; Jim Main and David Allen,
Fallen: The Ultimate Heroes, Footballers Who Never Returned from the War
(Victoria, Australia: BAS, 2002); Main and Allen, “The Ultimate Tiger Heroes” (2002),
http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/2941/default.aspx
.

8.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 124; Fukui,
Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of the War
, p. 36.

9.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 165.

10.
Robert C. Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan
’s
Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber
, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 7.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 138.

13.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, pp. 9–10.

14.
Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha 2001), p. 161.

15.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 175.

16.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 191.

17.
Ibid., p. 104.

18.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 23.

19.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 156, 157.

20.
Ibid., pp. 158, 157.

21.
Ibid., pp. 158, 159.

22.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 25.

23.
Satoru Fukuoka, oral interview transcript, Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, March 12, 1998.

24.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 160.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Ibid., p. 164.

27.
Thomas S. Momiyama, “All and Nothing,”
Air & Space
, Smithsonian, October–November 2001, p. 25.

28.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 5.

29.
M. G. Sheftall,
Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze
(New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), pp. 267–68.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Atsushi Asamura, interview,
Rekishi Gunzou
, Gakken, Issue no. 85, October 10, 2007, pp. 154–59.

32.
Seventieth class.

33.
Asamura interview,
Rekishi Gunzou
, pp. 154–59.

34.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 164.

35.
Ikuhiko Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
[
Historical Aviation Stories of World War II
], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10.

36.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 164.

37.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 7.

38.
Ibid., p. 11.

39.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 138.

40.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 191, 166.

41.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 198.

42.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 42.

43.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 199.

44.
Ibid., p. 198.

45.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 183.

46.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 198.

47.
Ibid.

48.
Mochitsura Hashimoto,
Sunk
! (New York: Avon, 1954), p. 138.

49.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 138.

50.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 12.

51.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 168–69.

52.
Ibid., p. 126.

53.
Ibid., pp. 139, 169.

54.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 144, 169, 170.

55.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 201.

56.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 170–71, 173–75.

1.
James L. Mooney, “History of USS
Segundo
(SS-398),”
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
(Washington, D.C.: Navy Department, Naval Historical Center, Ships’ History Branch, 1959–81); USS
Segundo
(SS 398), First War Patrol Report, September 13, 1944, 0802, at
http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol1.pdf
.

2.
USS
Segundo
(SS 398), Deck Logs, October 6, 1944.

3.
Harry W. McCartney, interview by author.

4.
Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.

5.
L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.

6.
Clay Blair, Jr.,
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), pp. 725, 202, 715.

7.
Ibid., p. 715.

8.
Ibid., p. 844.

9.
Segundo
Deck Logs, October 29, 1944.

10.
Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

13.
USS
Segundo
(SS 398), Second War Patrol Report, November 16, 1944, 1435, at
http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol2.pdf
.

14.
Mooney, “History of USS
Segundo
.”

15.
Segundo
, Second War Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 1804, 1953;
Segundo
Deck Logs, December 6, 1944.

16.
Segundo
, Second War Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2046.

17.
Ibid.

18.
L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.

19.
Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, and Peter Cundall, “Kuchikukan! IJN Second Class Destroyer,
Kuretake
: Tabular Record of Movement,”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/Kuretake_t.htm
.

20.
Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, and Peter Cundall, “Kusentei! IJN Subchaser, CH-33: Tabular Record of Movement,”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/CH-33_t.htm
.

21.
L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Ibid.;
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2258, 2210–2300. The
Segundo
’s patrol report indicates that the torpedoes were fired from 2,300 yards, possibly to appear more prudent. See
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 1953–0500.
Segundo
Deck Logs, December 6, 1944; Mooney, “History of USS
Segundo
.”

24.
L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.

25.
Richard Binkley, interview by author.

26.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2300.

27.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

28.
John E. Balson, interview by author.

29.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2300.

30.
Richard Binkley, interview by author.

31.
Mooney, “History of USS
Segundo
.”

32.
USS
Segundo
(SS 398) Second War Patrol Report, December 6, 1944; 2300
; Segundo
Deck Logs, December 6, 1944.

33.
Mooney, “History of USS
Segundo
.”

34.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2347.

35.
Ibid., 2326–47.

36.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

37.
Blair,
Silent Victory
, p. 803.

38.
Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.

39.
Segundo
Deck Logs, December 9, 1944.

40.
Ellsworth R. Quam quoted in “Over the Sea, and Under the Sea,”
Minnesota Legionnaire
,
http://www.mnlegion.org/paper/html/quam.html
.

41.
Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.

42.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 9, 1944, 2153–2330.

43.
Ibid., 2330; Robert O’Connor, interview by author.

44.
L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.

45.
Richard Binkley, interview by author.

46.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 9, 1944, 2153–2330.

47.
“World War II Pacific Typhoons Battered U.S. Navy,”
USA Today
, 2008,
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/history/typhoons-ww2-navy.htm
.

48.
Segundo
Deck Logs, December 19, 1944.

49.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 26, 1944, 2030.

50.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

51.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 26, 1944, 2030–2146.

52.
Ibid.

53.
Ibid.

54.
Ibid.

55.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

56.
Segundo
, Second Patrol Report, December 27, 1944, 1100.

57.
Ibid., December 31, 1944, 2354.

58.
Recommendation for Award to Cmdr. James D. Fulp, Jr., February 3, 1945, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

59.
Recommendation for Award to Cmdr. James D. Fulp, Jr., February 11, 1945, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis. (Two copies of the citation exist, dated separately and with slightly different wording.)

1.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 146.

2.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), pp. 40–41.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 105.

5.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine
I-165
, Tabular Record of Movement,” December 16, 1943,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-165.htm
.

6.
Ibid., January 16, 1944.

7.
Ibid., March 18, 1944.

8.
United States of America vs. Hisashi Ichioka
, Case File no. 339, March 30, 1949, p. 44, Macmillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (hereafter MBL).

9.
Hackett and Kingsepp, “I-165, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 18, 1944.

10.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, pp. 40–41.

11.
Yukio Matsuyama, “The Need to Wait for a Generation Change,” in Ronald Dore, ed.,
Japan, Internationalism and the UN
(London: Routledge, 1997), p. 167.

12.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 147.

13.
Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945
(London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 111.

14.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 147.

15.
Ibid., p. 139.

16.
Ibid.

17.
Ibid., p. 140.

18.
Ibid., pp. 139–140.

19.
Ibid., p. 144.

20.
Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 179.

21.
Ibid., pp. 188, 178, 176.

22.
Ibid., p. 178.

23.
“Jisaburo Ozawa,”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/officers/Jisaburo_Ozawa
.

24.
Yoshio Enoh quoted in “Navy Planned Bacteriological Warfare, U.S. Attack Operation Revealed,”
Sankei
[newspaper], August 14, 1977.

25.
Denis Warner, Peggy Warner, and Sadao Seno,
The Sacred Warriors
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982), pp. 282–83.

26.
Mark Felton,
The Fujita Plan: Japanese Attacks on the United States and Australia during the Second World War
(South Yorkshire, U.K.: Pen & Sword Military, 2006), pp. 182–83.

27.
“Navy Planned Bacteriological Warfare,”
Sankei
.

28.
Ibid.

29.
Ibid., p. 16; Warner, Warner, and Seno,
Sacred Warriors
, pp. 282–83.

30.
“Navy Planned Bacteriological Warfare,”
Sankei
.

31.
Polmar and Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy
, p. 54.

32.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 161.

33.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 174.

34.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-8, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 30, 1945,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-8.htm
.

35.
Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 274.

36.
Mochitsura Hashimoto,
Sunk!
(New York: Avon, 1954), p. 136.

37.
Ibid.

38.
Ibid.

39.
Hackett and Kingsepp, “
I-8
, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 31, 1945.

40.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 136.

41.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, pp. 274–75; Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 136.

42.
Hackett and Kingsepp, “
I-8
, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 31, 1945.

43.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, pp. 274–75. In Hashimoto’s
Sunk!
(p. 136), Petty Officer Takamasa Mukai, the sole survivor of the
I-8
, contradicts his own account in Orita’s
I-Boat Captain
, by saying he was wounded before his 25mm gun crew was able to fire.

44.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, pp. 274–75.

45.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 136.

46.
Boyd and Yoshida,
Japanese Submarine Force
, p. 174.

47.
Ibid.

48.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 136.

49.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 275.

50.
Fukumoto Izuru, interview by author.

51.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

52.
Satoru Fukuoka, oral interview transcript, Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, March 12, 1998.

53.
Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … Aims for U.S. Fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,”
I-401 History, I-401
Submarine Society, Japan.

54.
Tsugio Yata, interview by author.

55.
Yata, “SubRon1.”

56.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 43.

57.
Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
(Japan: privately published, 1996).

58.
Yata, “SubRon1.”

59.
Fukumaru Koshimoto, interview by author.

60.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

61.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 179.

62.
Arizuka,
Memories of the I-400
.

63.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

64.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 179; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 144.

65.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 180.

66.
Ibid., p. 179.

67.
Ibid., p. 180.

68.
Ibid., pp. 179–80.

69.
Ibid.

70.
Tsugio Yata, interview by author.

71.
Ibid.

72.
Nambu quoted in Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 145.

73.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

74.
Arizuka,
Memories of the I-400
.

75.
Yata, “SubRon1.”

76.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

77.
Arizuka,
Memories of the I-400
.

78.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 145.

79.
Ibid.; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 206.