Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II (61 page)

1.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), pp. 72, 100.

2.
Shizuo Fukui,
Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of the War
, Administrative Division, Second Demobilization Bureau, April 25, 1947, p. 36.

3.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 135.

4.
Fukui,
Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of the War
, p. 36.

5.
Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1904–1945
(London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 110.

6.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 62.

7.
Robert C. Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan’s Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber
, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 3.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Ibid., p. 2.

10.
Ibid., p. 3.

11.
Ibid., p. 4.

12.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 62; Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 5.

13.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 183.

14.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 71, quoting Shojiro Iura.

15.
Ibid.

16.
Ibid., p. 70.

17.
Ibid., p. 71.

18.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. 221.

1.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. 221.

2.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 74.

3.
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division,
Interrogations of Japanese Officials: Submarine Warfare
, p. 294.

4.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 73.

5.
Ibid., p. 74.

6.
Ibid., p. 73.

7.
Ibid., p. 82.

8.
Ibid., p. 79.

9.
Ibid., pp. 80, 134.

10.
Ibid., p. 74.

11.
Ibid., p. 80.

12.
Ibid., p. 75.

13.
Ibid., p. 88.

14.
Ibid., p. 89.

15.
Ibid.

16.
Ibid.

1.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 59.

2.
Ibid., p. 63. Boys Day is known in Japanese as
Tango No Sekku
.

3.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 64.

4.
Muneo Bando, interview by author.

5.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 25.

6.
Ibid.

7.
David Stevens,
A Critical Vulnerability: The Impact of the Submarine Threat on Australia
’s
Maritime Defense 1915–1954
(Canberra, Australia: Department of Defence, Sea Power Centre, 2005, 1943), pp. 233–35,
http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/PIAMA15_ch8.pdf
.

8.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, pp. 68–69.

9.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, pp. 74–75.

10.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! IJN Submarine I-174, Tabular Record of Movement,” June 4, 1943,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-174.htm
.

11.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, pp. 74–75.

12.
Ibid., pp. 76–77.

13.
Stevens,
Critical Vulnerability
, p. 233.

14.
Hackett and Kingsepp, “IJN Submarine I-174,” June 4, 1943.

15.
Robert Wallace,
The Secret Battle 1942–1944: The Convoy Battle off the East Coast of Australia During World War II
(Ringwood, Australia: Lamont, 1995), p. 85.

16.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, pp. 78–80.

17.
Wallace,
Secret Battle 1942–1944
, p. 85.

18.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 78.

19.
Stevens,
Critical Vulnerability
, p. 233.

20.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 80.

21.
Stevens,
Critical Vulnerability
, pp. 233–35.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Wallace,
Secret Battle
, p. 87.

1.
Zenji Orita and Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarines Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 167.

2.
Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author.

3.
Richard N. Billings,
Battleground Atlantic
(New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 19.

4.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 83.

5.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 105.

6.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 176.

7.
Mochitsura Hashimoto,
Sunk!
(New York: Avon, 1954), p. 70.

8.
Masanori Ito,
The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy: A Japanese Account of the Rise and Fall of Japan
’s
Seapower
(New York: Macfadden Books, 1965), p. 67.

9.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 70.

10.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 171.

11.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 71.

12.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 170.

13.
Ibid., p. 176.

14.
Ibid., p. 170.

15.
Ibid.; Hashimoto,
Sunk
!, p. 71.

16.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 176.

17.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 71.

18.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 82.

19.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 94.

20.
Ibid., p. 70.

21.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 85.

22.
Ibid., p. 87.

23.
Ibid., p. 88.

24.
Ibid., pp. 99–100.

25.
Ibid., p. 96.

1.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 72.

2.
Ibid. The date was October 2.

3.
Ibid. Sato says the
I-404
was to be constructed at the Go Shipyards in Kure; Nambu says Sasebo. Nevertheless, it appears Kure is correct.

4.
At least one Japanese and one Western source report that the
I-405
began construction at Kawasaki Heavy Industries. See Seiji Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki ‘
I-400
Gata,
I-13
Gata’ No Kouzou to Seinou [The Construction and Efficiency of the Unparalleled
I-400
and
I-13
],”
Maru
Special,
Japanese Naval Vessels
, no. 13 (Tokyo: Kojinsha, 1977), p. 28; Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945
(London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 111.

5.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 199, quoting Funada.

6.
Thomas S. Momiyama, “All and Nothing,”
Air & Space
, Smithsonian, October–November 2001, p. 25,

7.
Robert C. Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan
’s
Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber
, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 7.

8.
Momiyama, “All and Nothing,” p. 29.

9.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 199.

10.
Ibid.; Ikuhiko Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
[
Historical Aviation Stories of World War II
], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10.

11.
Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
, chap. 10.

12.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 200; Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
, chap. 10.

13.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 20.

14.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 6.

15.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 200; Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 20.

16.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 200.

17.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 23.

18.
Atsushi Asamura, interview by author.

19.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, pp. 9, 32. Funada remembers it as 1,300 shp.

20.
Ibid., pp. 31, 6.

21.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 200; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 136; Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
, chap. 10.

22.
Momiyama, “All and Nothing,” p. 24.

23.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 186.

24.
Momiyama, “All and Nothing,” p. 24.

25.
Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha Corporation, 2001), p. 158; Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 9.

26.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, inside front cover.

27.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 25, quoting Lt. Cmdr. Tadashi Funada’s
Development and Records of Famous Aircraft
.

1.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 97.

2.
Ibid., p. 99.

3.
Ibid., p. 97.

4.
David McCullough,
The Path Between the Seas
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), p. 606.

5.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 98, 99.

6.
Panama Canal Authority,
www.pancanal.com
.

7.
Ibid.

8.
McCullough,
Path Between the Seas
, p. 596.

9.
Ibid., p. 598.

10.
Ibid., p. 596.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Panama Canal Authority,
www.pancanal.com
.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Mark Skinner Watson,
The War Department, Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans & Preparations
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1991), p. 459,
http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/csppp/ch14.htm
.

15.
McCullough,
Path Between the Seas
, p. 589.

16.
“Panama Canal—Defending the Canal,”
GlobalSecurity.org
, 2009,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/panama-canal-defense.htm
.

17.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 98, 99.

18.
Ibid., p. 100.

19.
Ibid., p. 98.

20.
Ibid., p. 75.

1.
F. de Jong, statement, Document no. 8388, Exhibit no. 2099, p. 1, Macmillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (hereafter MBL), Archives Reference: MB 1549, Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, Item 2099, Box 266, Exhibits 1944.

2.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 174.

3.
Ibid., p. 128.

4.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 104.

5.
Ulrich Straus,
The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005), p. 8.

6.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 104.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Masataka Chihaya, “Organization of the Naval General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo,” in Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, eds.,
The Pacific War Papers: Japanese Documents of World War II
(Dulles, Va.: Potomac Books, 2005), p. 41.

9.
Yamamoto did not approve their inclusion until October 1941.

10.
Hiroyuki Agawa,
The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy
(Tokyo: Kodansha International, 2000), p. 266.

11.
Hunt for the Samurai Subs
, Wild Life Productions for National Geographic Channel, broadcast in Japan on NHK, 2009.

12.
Michael Wilson,
A Submariner
’s
War: The Indian Ocean 1939–1945
(Gloucestershire, U.K.: Spellmount, 2008), p. 100.

13.
Jan Dekker, statement, March 15, 1946, Pro Justitia, War Crimes Investigation Unit, Amsterdam, no. 47, p. 2, MBL.

14.
Motohide Yanabe, statement, Sugamo Prison, August 30, 1948, p. 3, MBL.

15.
Ibid.

16.
Motohide Yanabe, letter, Sugamo Prison, August 23, 1948, p. 3, MBL

17.
Ibid.

18.
Sadao Motonaka to chairman of the Parole Board, Legal Section, GHQ, SCAP, APO 500, September 28, 1950, pp. 1–2, MBL.

19.
Dekker statement, MBL; Jiro Nakahara, statement, October 13, 1948, p. 2, MBL.

20.
De Jong statement, pp. 3–4, MBL; Nakahara statement, MBL.

21.
De Jong statement, pp. 3–4; Nakahara statement, p. 2; Nakahara affidavit, p. 2; Dekker statement, p. 3; all MBL.

22.
Dekker statement, p. 2.

23.
Frits de Jong and Henk Slettenaar,
De Chinalijn in Oorlogstijd
[
The China Line in Wartime
] (Doetinchem, Netherlands: Association of Former Employees of the Koninklijke Java-China-Parketvaart Lijnen N.V. [Royal Interocean Lines], 2004), pp. 44–57.

24.
Motonaka to chairman of Parole Board, pp. 1–2, MBL.

25.
Dekker statement, p. 2, MBL;
United States of America vs. Hisashi Ichioka
, Case File no. 339, March 30, 1949, p. 40, MBL.

26.
Nakahara statement, p. 2, MBL.

27.
Yanabe statement, p. 4 (also marked as p. 8 of 30), MBL.

28.
Nakahara statement, p. 3, MBL.

29.
Motonaka to chairman of Parole Board, p. 1, MBL.

30.
Ibid., p. 3.

31.
Yanabe statement, p. 4, MBL.

32.
De Jong statement, p. 4, MBL.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Jiro Nakahara, testimony to Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, pp. 38, 139, and 38, 140, MBL.

35.
Ibid., pp. 38, 140; Nakahara statement, p. 2, MBL.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Mark Felton,
Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan
’s
Naval War Crimes
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2007), p. 134.

38.
Nakahara statement, p. 2, MBL.

39.
Nakahara affidavit, pp. 1–2, MBL.

40.
Nakahara statement, p. 5, MBL.

41.
Yanabe statement, p. 4, MBL.

42.
Nakahara statement, p. 5, MBL.

43.
Yanabe statement, p. 3 (also marked as p. 7 of 30), MBL.

44.
Ibid.

45.
Nakahara statement, p. 4, MBL.

46.
Ibid.

47.
Motonaka to chairman of Parole Board, p. 2, MBL.

48.
Yanabe statement, p. 4, MBL.

49.
Nakahara affidavit, p. 3, MBL.