Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II (60 page)

1.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 25.

2.
Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan’s Submarines Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 40.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Ibid.

5.
“California and the Second World War: The Attack on the SS
Larry Doheny
,” California State Military History Museum,
http://www.militarymuseum.org/LarryDoheny.html
; Bob Hackett and Sander Kinsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine
I-17
, Tabular Record of Movement,”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-17.htm
.

6.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 42.

7.
Ibid.

8.
According to Nambu, the shelling of Johnston and Palmyra Islands was canceled.

9.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 41.

10.
Clark G. Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast, 1942,”
Pacific Historical Review
33 (May 1964), p. 186.

11.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 35.

12.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 53.

13.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 42.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Clark G. Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast, 1942,” pp. 183–93.

16.
Justin M. Ruhge,
The Western Front: The War Years in Santa Barbara County, 1937–1946
(Goleta, Calif.: Quantum Imaging Associates, 1989), p. 3–1.

17.
Patrick J. O’Hara, “History: Bombs Over Ellwood,”
Santa Barbara Magazine
, May–June 1991, p. 24.

18.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 43. It was February 23, U.S. time.

19.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 53.

20.
“California and the Second World War: The Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum,
http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html
; Walker A. Tompkins,
Santa Barbara History Makers
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: McNally & Loftin, 1983), pp. 161–65, 304–306.

21.
Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast,” p. 184.

22.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 53.

23.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 43.

24.
Ibid., p. 43; Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 53.

25.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast,”
Life
12, no. 10 (March 9, 1942), p. 20.

26.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 43.

27.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 53.

28.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 44.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast,” p. 188.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 44.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 54; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 44.

35.
The gun size was 140mm.

36.
Boyd and Yoshida,
Japanese Submarine Force
, p. 38.

37.
“California and the Second World War: The Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum,
http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html
.

38.
Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast,” pp. 184–89.

39.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast,”
Life
12, no. 10 (March 9, 1942), p. 20.

40.
Ibid.

41.
Ibid.

42.
Ibid.

43.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 45.

44.
Ibid., p. 46.

45.
James Anderson, “1942 Shelling of California Coastline Stirred Conspiracy Fears.”
Los Angeles Times
, March 1, 1992.

46.
“California and the Second World War: The Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum,
http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html
.

47.
Ibid.

48.
Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast,” p. 189.

49.
Justin M. Ruhge,
The Western Front: The War Years in Santa Barbara County, 1937–1946
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: Quantum Imaging Associates, 1989), pp. 3–5.

50.
Ibid.

51.
Ibid.

52.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 46.

53.
George W. Edmonds, “… and the Shells Came,”
Noticias
[Santa Barbara Historical Society], Spring 1961, pp. 3–4.

54.
Reynolds, “Submarine Attacks on the Pacific Coast,” p. 189.

55.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 54.

56.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 46.

57.
Ibid., p. 47.

58.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast,”
Life
12, no. 10 (March 9, 1942), p. 23.

59.
Donald J. Young, “Phantom Japanese Raid on Los Angeles During World War II,”
World War II
, September 2003; online at
http://www.historynet.com/phantom-japanese-raid-on-los-angeles-during-world-war-ii.htm
.

60.
Ibid.

61.
“California and the Second World War: The Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum,
http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html
.

62.
Young, “Phantom Japanese Raid.”

63.
Ibid.

64.
Ibid.

65.
“Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum.

66.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast.”

67.
“The Great Los Angeles Air Raid of 1942: An Exciting Re-creation of a Historic Controversy,”
http://www.theairraid.com/
.

68.
Young, “Phantom Japanese Raid.”

69.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast.”

70.
“Great Los Angeles Air Raid.”

71.
“Shelling of Ellwood,” California State Military Museum.

72.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast.”

73.
Young, “Phantom Japanese Raid.”

74.
Los Angeles Times
, February 25, 1942, p. 1.

75.
“Japanese Carry War to California Coast.”

76.
Young, “Phantom Japanese Raid.”

77.
Ibid.

78.
“Great Los Angeles Air Raid.”

79.
Boyd and Yoshida,
Japanese Submarine Force
, p. 68.

80.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine
I-17
, Tabular Record of Movement,”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-17.htm
.

1.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. xiii.

2.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 135.

3.
Ibid., p. 57.

4.
Ibid.; Thomas S. Momiyama, “All and Nothing,”
Air & Space
, Smithsonian, October–November 2001, p. 24.

5.
Robert C. Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan
’s
Submarine-Launched Panama Canal Bomber
, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 2.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Ibid., p. 27.

9.
Ibid., p. 2.

10.
Walter J. Boyne, ed.,
Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2002), p. 12.

11.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 2.

12.
Ibid., p. 6.

13.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 118.

14.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 4; Momiyama, “All and Nothing,” p. 24.

15.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 4.

16.
Ibid., p. 5.

17.
Ibid.

18.
Ibid., p. 6.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 136.

21.
Momiyama, “All and Nothing,” p. 25.

22.
Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran
, p. 2.

23.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan
’s
Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 19.

24.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 62.

25.
Ibid., p. 70.

26.
Ibid.

27.
R. Kissinger, Jr.,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, Description of Hull, General Arrangements, and Characteristics
(U.S. Navy, 1946), p. 4.

28.
Tadeusz Januszewski,
Japanese Submarine Aircraft
(Redbourn, U.K.: Mushroom Model Publications, 2002), p. 4. The U-boat was the U-12.

29.
Richard Compton-Hall,
Submarine Warfare: Monsters and Midgets
(Dorset, U.K.: Blanford Press, 1985), p. 59.

30.
Ibid., p. 60.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Clay Blair, Jr.,
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 54.

33.
Norman Polmar, interview by author.

34.
Compton-Hall,
Submarine Warfare
, p. 59.

35.
Ibid., p. 60.

36.
Ibid., pp. 63, 59.

37.
Ibid., p. 63.

38.
Ibid., p. 50.

39.
Ibid., p. 51.

40.
Ibid.

41.
Zenji Orita and Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarines Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 111.

42.
Compton-Hall,
Submarine Warfare
, p. 65.

43.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 111; Januszewski,
Japanese Submarine Aircraft
, pp. 15–16.

44.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 21.

45.
Compton-Hall,
Submarine Warfare
, p. 65.

46.
Boyd and Yoshida,
Japanese Submarine Force
, p. 22.

47.
Compton-Hall,
Submarine Warfare
, p. 65.

48.
Ibid.

49.
Boyd and Yoshida,
Japanese Submarine Force
, pp. 24–25. These subs were the
I-15, I-17, I-19, I-21, I-23
, and
I-25
through
I-39
.

50.
Ibid., p. 23. These subs were the
I-9
through
I-11
.

51.
Ibid.

52.
Mochitsura Hashimoto,
Sunk!
(New York: Avon, 1954), p. 36.

53.
Holmes,
Undersea Victory
, p. 43; Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 36.

54.
Forest Garner, “Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy,”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.combinedfleet.com/ss.htm
.

1.
Zenji Orita and Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarines Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 113.

2.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 38.

3.
Tadeusz Januszewski,
Japanese Submarine Aircraft
(Redbourn, U.K.: Mushroom Model Publications, 2002), p. 44.

4.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, pp. 110–11.

5.
Ibid., p. 110; Nobuo Fujita and Joseph D. Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,”
U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings
, June 1961, p. 65.

6.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 64.

7.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, pp. 111–12.

8.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 66.

9.
Ibid.

10.
“Prince Takamatsu,” Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Takamatsu
.

11.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” pp. 66–67.

12.
Ibid., p. 67.

13.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 36.

14.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 65; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 36.

15.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 112.

16.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 65.

17.
Ibid.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Ibid., p. 67.

21.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 116.

22.
Fujita remembers it as the
Ryuho
. Orita, however, says it was the
Chitose
. Since Fujita was there, his recollection seems most reliable.

23.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 67.

24.
Robert C. Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan’s Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber
, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 2.

25.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 115.

26.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 67.

27.
Ibid., p. 64.

28.
Ibid.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 114.

32.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 64.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Tadeusz Januszewski,
Japanese Submarine Aircraft
(Redbourn, U.K.: Mushroom Model Publications, 2002), p. 35.

35.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 115.

36.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 64.

37.
“Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II,” Port Orford Heritage Society, 2000,
http://www.portorfordlifeboatstation.org/article1.html
.

38.
Ibid.

39.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 67; Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 115.

40.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 115.

41.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 67.

42.
Ibid.

43.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 116.

44.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 67.

45.
Ibid., p. 68.

46.
Ibid.

47.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 116.

48.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 68.

49.
Ibid.

50.
Fujita and Harrington, “I Bombed the USA,” p. 68.

51.
Ibid.

52.
Ibid.

53.
Nicholas D. Kristof, “Nobuo Fujita, 85, Is Dead; Only Foe to Bomb America,”
New York Times
, October 3, 1977.