Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India (73 page)

Western education: influence over reform initiatives,
93
; Muslim law mobilization and legislation and,
206–208

widows: and agenda for further personal-law reform in India,
282–283
; Christian law reform and inheritance rights of,
228
,
230
,
254
,
259
; early inheritance reform initiatives and,
197
; gender equality in inheritance and,
188
; and Hindu Widows Right to Property Act,
13
,
175
,
298n39
; inheritance rights in Indonesia,
80–81
; inheritance rights of, under amended Indian Succession Act,
259
; and inheritance under Hindu Succession Act,
88
,
114
,
121–122
,
123–124
,
132
,
181–182
,
183–184
; and inheritance under
Mitakshara
law,
181–182
,
298n39
; and inheritance under proposal to modify
Dayabhaga
law,
112
; maintenance rights and,
174
,
175
; national Hindu Succession Act reform and inheritance rights,
190
,
193
,
194
,
195
,
197
,
282–283
,
313n163
; reforms in Hindu Succession Act in particular states and inheritance rights,
186–187
,
188
; remarriage,
14
,
88
,
96
,
125
,
132

William Carey Study and Research Center,
227

Women’s Indian Association (WIA),
25
,
94

women’s organizations: cultural and legal mobilization and,
221–222
; and demands for a Hindu Code,
109
; and demands for Muslim law reform,
212
,
222–223
,
244
; divorce law reform and,
146–147
; and enhancement of women’s rights,
105–106
,
135
,
212
; gender equality in inheritance and,
185
,
187–188
; and gender-relevant policy bureaucracies,
140–141
; mobilization of,
140–141
,
222–223
,
279–280
; on a Uniform Civil Code or culturally grounded personal law reform,
139
,
144
,
222
; women’s inheritance rights and,
125
,
190

Women’s Research and Action Group,
223

Women’s Reservation Bill,
301n3

women’s rights: adultery and spousal maintenance and,
153–155
,
157
; Agarwal on,
39–40
,
104–106
; and agenda for further personal-law reform in India,
281–285
; and changes to Hindu Code Bill,
117
; under
Dayabhaga
and
Mitakshara
schools,
86
,
96
,
102
,
104
,
112
; divorce and,
144–145
,
147
,
163
,
254–258
,
316n63
; effects of personal-law changes since 1970s on,
7
; expansion of,
106–107
,
131–133
,
138
,
205
; family nuclearization and,
35
; under Free Officers regime,
49
; under Hindu law,
88–89
,
101–102
,
104–107
,
131–133
,
142–143
,
196–198
,
279–281
; Indonesian personal-law reform and,
51–52
; Iranian personal-law reforms and,
55–56
; Islamic
Fiqh
Academy’s recommendations for,
224
; maintenance rights and obligations and,
174–180
; minority law reform and,
263–264
; and mobilization regarding Muslim law,
222–225
; modernist reforms of religious law and,
34
; Muslim,
33
,
205–206
,
234
,
282
,
284–285
; Mussulman Wakf Validating Act and Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act and,
211
; postcolonial policy formation and,
131–135
; Shariat Act’s impact on,
43
; Turkish and Tunisian personal-law reforms and,
54
; Turkish personal-law reform and,
52–53
; women’s organizations’ mobilization for,
105–106
,
135
,
141
,
212
,
222–223
.
See also
inheritance; women’s organizations

Yugoslavia,
64

Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad,
56