Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India (67 page)
Read Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India Online
Authors: Narendra Subramanian
All India Shia Personal Law Board,
223
All India Women’s Conference (AIWC),
25
,
94
,
97
,
191
,
212
,
291n15
,
311n150
Ambedkar, B. R.: on application of Hindu law to Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists,
111
; on divorce rights,
85
,
113–114
,
119
; formation of jurisprudence of,
109–110
,
298n32
; on Hindu inheritance law reforms,
85
,
88
,
103
,
114–116
,
122
; on judicial interpretation,
109–110
,
134
; personal-law reform under,
83
; as proponent of legal consolidation,
109–110
; on recognition of customs,
85
,
110
,
113–114
,
134
; reliance on
shastras
,
85
,
113–114
; on Special Marriage Act,
128
; on Uniform Civil Code,
108
Anjuman-Khavatin-i-Islam,
97
,
212
anticolonial nationalists: and colonial discourse, institutions, and policies,
23–28
; in India,
24–25
,
28
,
69
,
83–87
; indigenous cultural traditions and,
67
,
272
,
278
; modernity and authenticity and,
23
,
68–69
; support of, for social reform efforts,
24–25
Article 13 of Constitution,
98
,
99
Article 25 of Constitution,
98
,
102
Aruna Parmod Shah v. Union of India
(2008),
179
Arya Kumar Bal v. Smt. Ila Bal
(1968),
178
Asha Rani v. Gulshan Kumar
(1995),
164
Ashwini Kumar Sehgal v. Smt. Swatantar Sehgal
(1979),
151–152
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal Pasa,
72–75
,
276
,
296n96
authenticity: and modernity in national narratives,
66–70
; visions of, in India,
83–87
autonomist movements, responses to,
44–45
A. Yousuf Rawther v. Sowramma
(1971),
248
Ayyar, Panchapakesa,
254
Baburao v. Mst. Sushila Bai
(1964),
170
Baig, Mahboob Ali,
219–220
Bai Jiva v. Narsingh Lalbhai
(1927),
307n89
Bai Tahira v. Ali Hussain Fisalli Chothia
(1979),
238–239
Beg, Mirza Hameedullah,
150
Belgium,
64
Bhagat
(1994),
152–153
Bhattacharjee, A. M.,
232–233
Bhausaheb alias Sandu Magar v. Leelabai
(2004),
179
bigamy: and assessment of desertion claims,
159
; Christian law reform and,
236
; as grounds for divorce,
120
,
159
,
205
,
218
,
237
,
317n69
; and Hindu marriage law
reform,
116
,
118
,
119
,
133
; and Hindu norms,
118–119
; laws against,
118–119
; maintenance rights and,
133
,
162
,
170
,
171
,
178–179
; prevalence of practice,
42
,
118
; restitution of conjugality and,
170
,
171
; women’s rights and laws against,
118
,
132–133
.
See also
polygyny
Bipin Chander Jaisinghbhai Shah v. Prabhawati
(1956),
159
Birla, Ritu,
36
Biswas, Charu Chandra,
108
,
115
,
127
,
128
Bombay Hindu Divorce Act (1947),
306n71
Bowen, John,
37
Buddhists, application of Hindu law to,
111
Cammack, Mark,
37
caste: adultery and spousal maintenance and,
305n53
; and Christian adoption,
260–261
,
320n115
; Christian conversion and,
204
,
213
,
214
,
290n11
,
293n64
; and Christian religious practice and Christian mobilization,
213–214
,
229
; customary divorces and,
86
,
161–164
,
307n78
; customs, Hindu cultural mobilization, and Hindu law,
12–15
,
38
,
40
,
86
,
95
,
113–114
,
298n46
; customs and their judicial recognition,
9
,
79
,
85
,
110
,
161–164
,
173
,
260–261
; and divorce,
85
,
86
,
101
,
113–114
,
119
,
229
,
298n42
; Muslim law reforms and,
43
,
95
,
209–210
; and Muslim reform initiatives,
82
,
209
,
224
; and patriliny, patrilocality, and matrimonial relations,
170
,
174
,
187
; and preferential policies,
7
,
44
,
83
,
87
,
294n66
,
301n3
; and social relations,
10
,
14–15
,
67
,
83
.
See also
intercaste marriage, recognition of
catchall regimes,
47
,
48–49
,
52
,
57
Catholic Church: adoption and,
260
,
261
; Christian mobilization and,
213
; divorce law reform and,
226
,
229
,
257
; and marriage solemnization,
218
,
226
; and mobilization regarding Christian law,
226
,
229–230
Chakravartty, Renu,
115
,
117
,
122
,
125
,
299n75
,
300n85
,
307n87
Chandrachud, Y. V.,
150
,
240–241
,
303n37
,
317n69
,
318n86
Chanmuniya v. Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha
(2010),
179–180
Charrad, Mounira: on Islamic law,
21–22
,
35–37
; on nationalism,
22
,
291n9
; on state, lineage, and family law,
21–22
,
31
,
35
Chatterjee, Partha,
23–24
,
25
,
26
,
44
,
291n11
,
292n31
Chatterji, Jyotsna,
227
Chiriyankandath, James,
42–43
Choudary, P. A.,
167–168
Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society,
227
,
256
,
320n109
Christian law: and adoption,
90
,
111
,
205
,
228
,
235–236
,
259–261
,
264
,
282
,
285
,
320n115
; basis of,
8
,
96
; and conjugal rights,
99
; courts and contentious questions in,
217–219
; divorce rights and reform to,
87
,
89
,
128
,
153
,
168
,
205
,
218–219
,
227
,
228
,
229–230
,
234–235
,
254–259
,
320n113
; in Egypt,
60
,
65
,
295n85
; as influence on Hindu law,
116
; judges reforming,
233
; legal reform and,
44
; mobilization regarding,
87
,
213–214
,
226–231
,
264–265
,
315n42
; Muslim law reform and,
263
,
268–269
; postcolonial policy formation and,
96
; reforms in,
87
,
233–234
,
252–262
; understandings of religious tradition’s influence on,
87
,
234–235
; women’s rights under,
116
,
131–132
.
See also
minority law
Christians: accommodation for,
65
,
264
,
296n95
; perceptions of postcolonial roles of,
202
,
203–204
; population share of,
230
,
290n11
,
293n64
.
See also
Christian law
Church of North India,
227
,
228
,
231
,
315n41
Church of South India,
320n109
coalitions: and accommodation of minorities,
65
,
200–201
; influence of,
273–274
; opposing
Shah Bano
,
239
; regimes and,
47–57
; and regimes in nation and family formation,
274–275
; state-society relations and personal-law reform and,
71–72
C. Obula Konda Reddy v. C. Pedda Venkata Lakshmamma
(1976),
177
,
178
,
179
Code of Criminal Procedure,
153–154
,
174–175
,
176
,
237
,
238
,
239–240
,
241–242
,
243
,
244–245
,
246
,
247
,
249
colonial personal law: changes to, after independence,
4–6
,
33–34
,
292n35
; colonial knowledge and classification schemes’ influence on,
32
; in India,
8–16
; postcolonial policy formation and,
94
,
111–114
; property control under,
37
; regional customs incorporated in,
38–39
; religious norms in,
33
; and rights and strategies of colonized groups,
24
colonial state(s): consolidation of state authority in,
272–273
; and formation of nation and family in India,
278
; interference of, in religious practice,
95–96
; support for reform efforts of,
24–25
Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI),
140
,
144
,
146
,
147
,
185
,
284
Congress Party: anticolonial mobilization by,
25
; and Christian law,
236–237
; decline of,
138
; and early postcolonial personal law reform,
16
,
74
,
76
,
103
,
115
,
117
; Hindu Code Bill and,
117
; inheritance law reform and,
187
,
188
,
191
,
192
; and Muslim law,
42
,
212–213
,
220
,
242
; national inheritance reform and,
192
; social outlooks in,
16
,
28
,
81
,
83–85
; and women’s organizations,
94
conjugal rights: Christian law reform and,
260
; enforcement of,
165–166
; Hindu law reform and,
99
,
106–107
; maintenance rights and,
176–177
; restitution and contestation of,
166–173
,
196–197
Constituent Assembly,
84
,
97–99
,
219–220
,
242
Constitution of India,
43
,
45
,
84
,
87
,
92
,
98–100
,
101
,
102
,
105
,
108
,
145
,
183
,
185
,
193
,
219–220
,
293n59
; and case law,
99
,
147
,
167–169
,
171
,
172–173
,
197
,
206
,
221
,
233
,
236
,
237
,
238–239
,
243–245
,
249–251
,
256–257
,
260
,
264–265
,
308n108
constitutional law, comparative,
1
,
2
,
33
,
42
,
45
,
50–51
,
52
,
60
,
67
,
80
,
145
,
296n95
constructive desertion,
159
,
160
Cott, Nancy,
19
Criminal Procedure Code Sections 125 and 127(3)(b),
237
,
238
,
239–240
,
241–242
,
243
,
244–245
,
246
,
247
,
249
cruelty, as grounds for divorce,
110–111
,
143–145
,
148–153
,
156
,
173
,
196
,
218
,
256
,
257
,
258
,
301n8
,
302n19
,
303nn33–34
,
303–304n39
,
304n40
,
304n42
,
317n69