Morgoth's Ring (36 page)

pp. 292 ff.). The original chapter in QS (V.232 - 8, where it is numbered 5) was corrected, not very extensively, at the time of the 1951 revision, and as corrected was typed in the amanuensis text LQ 1. This received no corrections at all, but on the later amanuensis typescript LQ 2 my father made a few changes, mostly the regular alteration of names. In this case I do not give the revised text, but record individually the significant changes made to QS. Various small changes of wording are not mentioned, nor are regular name-changes as Melko > Melkor, Tun > Tuna or Tirion, Kor > Tuna, the pass of Kor > the pass of Kalakiryan, Elwe > Olwe'. In $69 western land

> Westland and Helkarakse > Helkaraxe' (so spelt in AAm), in $70

strands of Elvenhome > strands of Eldanor, and in $71 Eruman

> Araman (cf. AAm $125, pp. 108, 123).

$60 At the first three occurrences 'Morgoth' > 'Melkor', and at the end of the paragraph, after 'the violence of Morgoth', was added: 'for such was his name from that day forth among the Gnomes'; thereafter 'Morgoth' was retained. At the foot of the page my father noted: 'In more ancient form Moringotto'. It was here that the story entered that Melkor received the name Morgoth at this time, though there was no suggestion yet that it was Feanor who gave it to him. That entered in AAm ($123) and in the contemporary rewriting of Chapter 6 (p. 186, $49a); no doubt at the same time my father struck out on the QS

manuscript the addition just given and substituted: 'So Feanor called him in that hour: the Black Foe, and that name he bore among the Noldor ever after.' Morgoth was translated 'the Dark Enemy' in the AAm passage, but for some reason this was rejected (p. 120, note 2).

The sentence in $60 'a thing before unseen that in the gathering night had seemed to be a spider of monstrous form'

was changed to 'a thing before unseen for which no word was known, a vast shape of darkness black in the gathering night'; cf. AAm $122. The Valar are to be wholly ignorant of the nature of the aid that Melkor had summoned (cf. AAm $124), and the Darkness (or 'Unlight') of Ungoliante becomes a central idea of the legend.

$62 The passage concerning the Orcs, from 'he brought into being the race of the Orcs' to the end of the paragraph, was rewritten as follows:

he brought into being the race of the Orkor,* and they grew and multiplied in the bowels of the earth. These creatures Morgoth made in envy and mockery of the Elves. Therefore in form they were like unto the Children of Iluvatar, yet foul to look upon; for they were made in hatred, and with hatred they were filled. Their voices were as the clashing of stones, and they laughed not, save only at torment and cruel deeds.

Clamhoth, the hosts of tumult, the Noldor called them.

*[footnote to the text) In Cnomish speech this name is orch of one, yrch of many. Orcs we may name them, for in the ancient days they were strong and fell as demons; yet they were of other kind, a spawn of earth corrupted by the power of Morgoth, and they could be slain or destroyed by the valiant: quoth AElfwine.

This is closely related to AAm $127, as that was first written (see pp. 120 - 1, notes 5 - 7, and commentary p. 123), and contains the same conjunction of two apparently different theories, that the Orcs were 'made' by Morgoth and that they were 'a spawn of earth' corrupted by him.

My father then altered the passage by cutting out AElfwine's footnote to the word Orkor but adding a closely similar passage in the body of the text, thus:

Glamhoth, the hosts of tumult, the Noldor called them. Orcs we may name them,* for in ancient days they were strong and fell as demons. Yet they were not of demon-kind, but a spawn of earth corrupted by Morgoth, and they could be slain or destroyed by the valiant with weapons of war.

*[footnote to the text] Quoth AElfwine.

This rearrangement is puzzling, for AElfwine's contribution can hardly be limited to the words 'Orcs we may name them' (see p.

124); but perhaps by placing the asterisk at this point my father meant to indicate that all that follows it was added by AElfwine.

On the LQ typescript he changed it again, putting the whole passage from 'Orcs we may name them' into a footnote.

On the QS manuscript he scribbled later, against the first part of the passage, concerning the making of the Orcs: 'Alter this.

See Annals.' This refers to the change introduced into AAm whereby the Orcs had been bred from captured Quendi many ages before: see the commentary on AAm $127 (p. 123).

$67 'masters of the enchanted light' > 'masters of the unsullied Light'; cf. AAm $133 'lords of the unsullied Light'.

$68 'But of his own sons Inglor alone spake with him [Finrod]; Angrod and Egnor took the part of Feanor, and Orodreth stood aside' > 'But of his own children Inglor alone spoke in like manner; for Angrod and Egnor and Galadriel were with Fingon, whereas Orodreth stood aside and spoke not.' As AAm was first written the same account of the associations of the Noldorin princes was given, but it was changed immediately: see AAm $135 (pp. 112, 125), and p. 121, note 12.

'and with Fingolfin were Finrod and Inglor' > 'and with Fingolfin were Finrod and his house'

$72 The whole of this paragraph was rewritten as follows: Then Finrod turned back, being filled with grief, and with bitterness against the house of Feanor because of his kinship with Olwe of Alqualonde; and many of his people went with him, retracing their steps in sorrow, until they beheld once more the far beam of the Mindon upon Tuna, still shining in the night, and so came at last to Valinor again. And they received the pardon of the Valar, and Finrod was set to rule the remnant of the Noldor in the Blessed Realm. But his sons were not with him, for they would not forsake the sons of Fingolfin; and all Fingolfin's folk went forward still, fearing to face the doom of the gods, since not all of them had been guiltless of the kinslaying at Alqualonde. Moreover Fingon and Turgon, though they had no part in that deed, were bold and fiery of heart and loath to abandon any task to which they had put their hands until the bitter end, if bitter it must be. So the main host held on, and all too swiftly the evil that was foretold began its work.

This is almost word for word the same as AAm $156, the only real difference being the mention here that Fingon and Turgon had no part in the kinslaying. That the rewriting of QS preceded the passage in AAm, however, is shown by the fact that Olwe' is here a later change from Elwe'.

$73 'and they took with them only such as were faithful to their house, among whom were Angrod and Egnor' was left unchanged, through oversight, and survived into the typescript LQ 2. The association of Angrod and Egnor with the Feanorians (so that they were given passage to Middle-earth in the ships) had been abandoned in the rewritings of QS $$68, 72 given above.

'a great burning, terrible and bright' > 'a great burning, terrible and bright, at the place that was after called Losgar, at the outlet of the Firth of Drengist'. The same addition was made to AAm ($162, pp. 120, 127, and p. 122 note 20).

'Therefore led by Fingolfin, and Fingon, Turgon, and Inglor'

> 'Therefore led by Fingolfin and his sons, and by Inglor and Galadriel the fair and valiant'; this is virtually the text of AAm ($163, p. 120).

'and came unto Beleriand at the rising of the sun' > 'and came unto Middle-earth at the rising of the Moon'; cf. AAm $163

(pp. 120, 127).

Emendations made to one or other of the copies of the typescript LQ 2

give the later names or name-forms of certain of the Noldorin princes, as in Chapter 5 (pp. 177, 181, $$41 - 2): Finrod > Finarphin and Finarfin, Inglor > Finrod, Egnor > AEgnor (as emended in Chapter 5

spelt Aegnor). - In 'his ancient fortress, Utumno in the North' ($62) Utumno > Angband; this reflects the late story that both Utumno and Angband were built in the ancient days (see p. 156, $12) - and it was of course to the western fortress, Angband, that Melkor returned and which he rebuilt from its ruins.

Against the passage in $68 'The greater part marched behind Fingolfin, who with his sons yielded to the general voice against their wisdom, because they would not desert their people' my father noted on a copy of LQ 2: 'also because of the promise made by Fingolfin (above)'. This refers to a passage in the final rewriting of the previous chapter (p. 287, $58c), where Fingolfin said to Feanor before Manwe:

'Thou shalt lead and I will follow.' The word 'above' means that the final text was in being and had been incorporated into the LQ 2

typescript.

8 OF THE SUN AND MOON AND THE HIDING

OF VALINOR.

The textual situation here is the simplest so far: we have the chapter in QS (V.239 - 43), and emendations made to QS in 1951, taken up into the typescript LQ 1, which was not emended subsequently. (A few lightly pencilled alterations were not incorporated in LQ 1, either because the typist could not interpret them or because they were entered on the manuscript subsequently.) As with Chapter 6 (p. 184) the later typescript LQ 2 is not extant. The history of this chapter in The Silmarillion therefore ends with the few changes made to QS in 1951; there is also the account in AAm $$164-81, which was itself closely derived from QS, with changes and omissions. In this case again I give the significant changes made to QS and not the whole text.

Regular changes of name are ($79) Kalakilya > Kalakiryan, the mound of Kor > the mound of Tuna.

574 The passage beginning 'And Manwe bade Yavanna ...' was changed to a form almost identical with AAm $167 (p. 129): And Manwe bade Yavanna and Nienna to put forth all their powers of growth and healing; and they put forth all their powers upon the Trees, but the tears of Nienna availed not to heal their mortal wounds; and for a long while Yavanna sang on alone in the shadows. Yet even as hope failed and her song faltered in the dark, lo! Telperion bore at last upon a leafless bough one great flower of silver, and Laurelin a single golden fruit.

$75 The passage giving the names of the Sun and Moon was changed to a form intermediate between QS and AAm $171: Isil the Sheen the gods of old named the Moon in Valinor, and Anar Fire-golden they named the Sun; but the Eldar named them also Rana the wayward, the giver of visions, and [Urin >]

Naira, the heart of flame, that awakens and consumes.

Thus Urin > Anar (with changed meaning, 'Fire-golden'), as in AAm, but this and Isil remain names given by the Gods, not by the Vanyar; Urin was at first changed about with Anar and made the Eldarin name of the Sun, but was then replaced by Naira (Vasa in AAm). Rana (replacing Rana) and Naira remain Eldarin names, whereas in AAm Rana and Vasa are Noldorin.

'The maiden chosen from among their own folk by the Valar'

> 'The maiden whom the Valar chose from among the Maiar'

(agreeing with AAm $172).

Pencilled in the margin against Arien (above the original marginal gloss by AElfwine hyrned 'horned' to the name Tilion, V.240, footnote) is the unrecorded Old English word Daegbore ('Day-bearer', feminine,. In AAm ($172, marginal notes) the Old English words supplied by AElfwine are hyrned and daegred (daybreak, dawn).

'the pools lit by the flickering light of Silpion' > 'the pools of Este in Telperion's flickering beams' (agreeing with AAm $172).

Silpion > Telperion subsequently (see p. 59, $5).

$76 'Rana was first wrought' > 'Isil was first wrought' (as AAm $173).

'Melko' > 'Morgoth', because he is to be known as Morgoth from the point in the narrative where he is given that name (p. 194, $60).

$77 'the prayers of Lorien and Nienna' > 'the prayers of Lorien and Este' (as AAm $175).

'Varda changed her design' > 'Varda changed her counsel' (as AAm $175).

The entire passage beginning at 'is the hour of greatest light'

and continuing to $79 'the Valar store the radiance of the Sun in many vessels' was put into the past tense (cf. AAm $$ 175 - 8).

$78 Eruman > Aruman (not Araman). Since Eruman was changed to Araman in the revision made at this time to an earlier page in QS ($71) Aruman here is no doubt merely an incomplete alteration.

$79 Rewriting of the passage in QS beginning 'That light lives now only in the Silmarils' removed at last the ancient idea of the

'rekindling' of 'the Elder Sun and Moon, which are the Trees'

(for the history of this see II.285 - 6, IV.20, 49, 98), or at least restricted it to a foretelling of the recovery of the Silmarils; but the strange prophecy of Ulmo that this would only come to pass through the aid of Men was retained. To none of this is there anything corresponding in AAm. The changed passage reads: That light lives now only in the Silmarils; though there shall yet come a time, maybe, when they are found again and their fire released, and the ancient joy and glory return. Ulmo foretold to the Valar...'

The sentence (not in AAm, $180) 'the fleet of the Teleri kept the shore' was changed to 'rebuilt with Osse's aid, the fleet of the Teleri kept the shore'.

$80 'the Bay of Elvenhome' > 'The Bay of Eldanor'.

It seems to me very probable that my father made these changes to QS

before he wrote the section on the Sun and Moon in the Annals of Aman; in any case they were doubtless closely contemporary.

(II) THE SECOND PHASE.

An acute problem of presentation arose in the treatment of the late expanded version of Chapter 6 Of the Silmarils and the Darkening of Valinor (see pp. 142, 184 ff.), in that the first part of the new text was based on and developed in stages from a major independent disquisi-tion concerning the nature of the Eldar. Arising out of an account of their marriage laws and customs, this discussion extends into a lengthy analysis of the meaning of death, immortality and rebirth in respect of the Elves. I found that to give the late narrative text of Chapter 6