Misquoting Jesus (30 page)

Gallagher, Eugene, 227n. 19

Gamble, Harry, 220n. 10, 221nn. 1, 12

Genesis, 19

Gibson, Mel, 63

Gnostics, 28, 35, 152, 170–71, 172–73, 174, 220n. 8–9, 226n. 12

God: identity of, issues, 152, 153, 154; of Jews, 18, 21, 33–34, 153; as lawgiver, 19–20; one true, 26; pagan, 18, 19, 197, 201, 227n. 20

God's Secretaries
(Nicolson), 227n. 1

Good News Bible, 209

Gospel of Peter, 172

Gospel of Philip, 172

grace (
charis
), doctrine of, 145, 147

Graham, Billy, 6

Grant, Robert M., 227n. 18

Grapte, 49

Greek Apologists of the Second Century
(Grant), 227n. 18

Greek language: abbreviations,
nomina sacra
, 91, 113;
apologia
, 26; Bart Ehrman's language studies, 5, 6; Bengel's New Testament, 112; Christian texts in, 6, 10, 11; Eastern Christianity and, 74, 76; Jewish Bible in (Septuagint), 24, 119; Johannine Comma absent from most texts, 81; Lachmann's New Testament, 116–17; lectionaries, 89; manuscripts of Scripture, 6, 10, 11, 73, 83, 219 n. 1, 222n. 13, 223n. 14; manuscripts of Scripture, variations in, John Mill and, 83–88; manuscripts of Scripture, variations in, known today, 88, 115, 222n. 13;
majuscule
manuscripts, 89, 223n. 15; Mark, Gospel of, 135;
miniuscule
manuscripts, 89, 223n. 15; monks copying Greek scriptures, Byzantine manuscripts, 73, 75, 124, 131, 157, 224n. 2; New Testament, Complutensian Polygot, 76–77, 78, 81; New Testament, T.R., 78–83; papyrus manuscripts, 89, 191, 223n. 15; problems interpreting ancient Greek texts and
scriptuo continua
, 48, 90, 221n. 5; T.R. Bible (Erasmus's), 78–83; texts available, 77; Tischendorf's discoveries of manuscripts, 117–21, 224n. 22; Westcott and Hort's New Testament and textual principles, 121–25

Gregory, Caspar René, 121, 224n. 25

Griesbach, J. J., 116

Guardians of Letters
(Haines-Eitzen), 220n. 15, 221nn. 4, 7, 222n. 2

Gutenberg, Johannes, 75, 76

 

Haines-Eitzen, Kim, 55, 220n. 15, 221nn. 4, 7, 222n. 2

Harris, William V., 37, 220n. 13

Hawthorne, Gerald, 6, 7

Hebrews, Epistle to the: intentional change to single word in, 56; textual problem of “by the grace of God” or “apart from God,” 144–48, 225n. 12;
1:3
, 56;
2:8–9
, 144–48, 149, 209, 225n. 12;
4:16
, 147;
5:7
, 148;
10:29
, 147;
12:15
, 147;
13:25
, 147

Heracleon, 28–29

heresies: alteration of sacred texts and, 52–53; antiheretical treatises, 27–28, 34–35; copyist changes in texts to prevent use by, 95–96; Gnostics, 28, 35, 152, 170–71, 172–73, 174, 220nn. 8, 9, 226n. 12; Marcion's, 33–34, 35, 52–53, 152; orthodoxy and, 28; Socinianism, 115

Hermas, 25, 47–51

Her Share of the Blessings
(Kraemer), 226n. 1

Hezser, Catherine, 220n. 14

Hippolytus of Rome, 165

Holmes, Michael, 222n. 13

Hort, Arthur Fenton, 224nn. 26, 27, 28, 29

Hort, Fenton John Anthony, 121–25, 130–31, 224nn. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Hulbert-Powell, C. L., 224nn. 17, 18

 

Ignatius of Antioch, 14

Inventing Superstition
(Martin), 227n. 20

Irenaeus of Gaul, 35, 52–53, 116, 163, 165, 174, 226n. 12

Isaiah, 20

Ischyrion of Ptolemais Hormou, Egypt, 38–39

Israel, contemporary, 12–13

 

Jenkins, Philip, 13

Jeremiah, 20

Jerome, Saint, 74–75, 76, 89, 101, 103, 106–7, 145, 222n. 5

Jerusalem Bible, 209

Jesus
(Ehrman), 219n. 3, 226n. 2

Jesus Christ: adoptionist view, 155–57, 158, 164, 226n. 4; apostles, 24–25, 39–40, 68; ascension, 169–70; as carpenter, 202, 227nn. 21, 22; copyist changes, intentional, 95–98; crucifixion, differences in Gospels of Mark and John, 10; death of as human, 147–48; depiction in John, 60–61; divinity of, Johannine Comma, 81–82, 102, 113; divinity of, passage in Timothy, 113–15, 157–58; docetist view, 162–64, 170, 226n. 5; effects of His death, 53, 154; events following birth, differences in Gospels of Luke and Matthew, 10; Hebrews, problem of forsaken Jesus, 144–49, 225n. 12; heretical belief, as not the Christ, 35; interpretation of Jewish scripture by, 30–31; as Jewish rabbi, 20, 30, 187, 219n. 3; Law of Moses and, 63, 64, 137; Luke's imperturbable Jesus, changes to scripture and, 139–44, 164–65, 213, 225nn. 10–11; Luke's depiction of the Passion, 142–44, 214; Mark's depiction of an angry Jesus, changes to scripture and, 133–39, 225nn. 5, 7–9; Mark's depiction of the crucifixion, burial, and resurrection, 65–68, 142–43, 148, 172–73, 213–14; as messiah, 187–88, 189; nature of Christ (fully human, fully divine, both) issues, 153, 154, 155–75, 227n. 19; oral tradition, 65; return of, 21, 25; scriptural authority for life of, 21, 24; separationist view of, 170–71; as Son, 21; story of woman taken in adultery, 63–65, 80, 82, 97–98, 102; teachings as Scripture, 30–31; women and, 178–82, 226n. 1

Jewish Apocrypha, 25

Jewish Bible (Old Testament): books of the prophets, 20, 24; Christian use, 24, 28, 189; contents, 19–20; history books in, 20; original languages, 6, 11; Paul's use of, 21; Pentateuch, 19–20, 24, 30, 31; Psalms, 20, 24; scriptural authority of, 21, 29–30; Septuagint, 24, 119

Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine
(Hezser), 220n. 14

Johannine Comma, 81–82, 102, 113

John, the Apostle, 39

John, First Epistle of,
4:2–3
, 173–75

John, Gospel of, 24; additions to original text, 61–62; alteration in text involving Jews, 194, 227n. 7; commentaries on, 28–29; copyist intentional changes in, 98, 223n. 21; copyist mistakes, 92, 93; crucifixion, timing, 10; divinity of Jesus in, 161–62; Jesus's conversations with Nicodemus, 60; Jesus's portrayal, 60–61; Johannine Comma, 81–82, 102, 113; Lazarus, 60; manuscript fragment, 88; miracles in, 60; Samaritan woman, 60; sources, 222n. 17; textual criticism of woman taken in adultery, 63–65, 80, 82, 102; “unique,” use of work, 161–62; Valentinian use of, 35; “Word” of God becomes flesh, 61, 161–62;
1:1–18
(Prologue), 61, 161–62, 209;
3
, 60;
3:16
, 162;
3:18
, 162;
4
, 60;
4:1–42
, 179;
4:22
, 194;
5
, 98, 223n. 21;
5:7–8
, 81–82;
5:39
, 93;
7:53–8:12
, 63–65;
8:58
, 161;
10
, 60;
10:30
, 161;
17:15
, 92;
19:14
, 10;
20:1–2
, 179;
20:3–10
, 168;
20:28
, 161;
20:30–31
, 61;
21:22–23
, 61;
21:25
, 65

John James Wettstein
(Hulbert-Powell), 224nn. 17, 18

John Mill and Richard Bentley
(Fox), 222nn. 10, 11

Josephus, 14

Judaism: adoptionistic view of Jesus, 155–57, 164, 226n. 4; alteration in scripture, involving Jews, 186–95, 227n. 7; apocalyptic literature, 25; beliefs, 17–18; conflicts with Christianity, 187–90, 227n. 8; divorce laws, 30–31; Law, 19–20, 30, 35, 63, 64, 137; literacy and, 220n. 14; patriarchs and matriarchs, 18, 19; Pentateuch, 19; as religion of the book, 17–20; sacred books, 19–20; synagogues, 18; Temple in Jerusalem, 18, 227n. 14; Torah, 19, 30, 31

Judas Thomas, Gospel of, 24

Junia, 180, 185, 226n. 5

Justin Martyr, 32, 33, 42, 165, 190, 200, 226n. 8, 227n. 21

 

Kannaday, Wayne, 227nn. 15, 17

Ker, Walter C. A., 221n. 3

King James Bible, 76, 227n. 1; problems with, 209; source for, 79, 82, 83

Kraemer, Ross, 226n. 1

Kümmel, Georg Werner, 223n. 6

 

Lachmann, Karl, 116–17, 224n. 19

Laodicea, 23, 42, 220n. 6

Late Great Planet Earth, The
(Lindsay), 12, 110

Latin Vulgate Bible, 74–75, 222nn. 5, 6; Bentley's proposed collation, 106–7; editions of, 76; Erasmus's use of for his Greek Bible, 79; Lachmann's Greek New Testament and, 116; number of manuscripts known, 89; textual variation, First Epistle of John, 174

Left Behind
(LaHaye and Jenkins), 14, 110

LaHaye, Tim, 13, 110

Leo X, Pope, 77

Letter to Barnabas
, 189

Letter to Diognetus
, 200, 227n. 18

letters: authorship, 23; early Christian, 21–23; lost, 22–23; Paul's, 21–23, 31–32, 34, 219–20n. 5, 220n. 6; as Scripture, 22

Leviticus, 19;
13–14
, 133;
20:10
, 64

Life and Letters of Fenton John Anthony Hort
(Hort, ed.), 224nn. 26, 27, 28, 29

Life of Richard Bentley, The
(Monk), 223nn. 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 224n. 13

Lindsey, Hal, 12, 110

Lipsiensis, Phileleutherus.
See
Bentley, Richard literacy: in Athens, 37–38, 220n. 13; contemporary, 37; copyists and, 38–39, 46–51, 55, 220n. 15; early Christians, 21, 38–41, 220n. 13; Jews and, 220n. 14; public reading of texts, 22, 23, 32, 41–43, 51; readers and writers, ancient world, 38; status in ancient world and, 50; study of, in ancient times, 37

liturgy, 32; textual changes and, 97

Living Text of the Gospels
(Parker), 219n. 2, 223n. 20

Locke, John, 86

Lost Christianities
(Ehrman), 220nn. 10, 12, 221n. 6, 225n. 2, 226n. 12

Lucian of Samosata, 14

Luke, Gospel of, 24; alteration in, involving Jews, 190–93, 194–95, 227nn. 10, 12; angels in, 140; antido
cetic changes in, 164–70, 226n. 9; apologetic changes to, 203; chiastic structure in, 140–41; copyist changes, intentional, 96, 97, 139–44, 158–61, 164–70; copyist mistakes, 92, 93–94, 96, 223n. 18; depiction of Jesus as imperturbable and copyist change in manuscript, 139–44, 164–65, 213–14, 225nn. 10, 11; depictions of Jesus as not angry, 136, 225nn. 7, 8; divinity of Christ and antiadoptionist changes, 158–61; divinity of Christ and antidocetic changes, 164–70; Jesus as Messiah, 160; Lord's Prayer, 97, 223n. 20; Marcion's canon and, 34, 35; Mark as source for, 135, 212–15, 222n. 17; prayer as theme in, 141–42; predecessors of, 24; return to Nazareth after birth of Jesus, 10; salvation, view of, 166–67;
1:1
, 24;
1:1–4
, 212, 222n. 17;
1:35
, 159–60;
2:11
, 160;
2:33
, 158;
3
, 94, 223n.18;
3:22
, 160;
3:23
, 159;
5:38–39
, 96;
6:1–4
, 194–95, 227n. 12;
8:1–3
, 179;
10:1
, 160;
10:7
, 31;
11:2–4
, 97;
12:8–9
, 92;
18:16
, 136;
21:38
, 65;
22:17–19
, 166;
22:39–46
, 139–44;
22:41
, 142;
22:42
, 142;
22:43–44
, 142, 149, 164–65, 209, 226n. 9;
23:27–31
, 143;
23:32
, 203;
23:33–34
, 191–93, 227n. 10;
23:34
, 143;
23:43
, 143;
23:55–24:10
, 179;
24:12
, 168–70;
24:36
, 143;
24:51–52
, 169–70, 226n. 9

Lyons, in Gaul, 35

 

Malach
3:1
, 95

Manuscript 1739, 145, 174

Marcion, 33–34, 35, 52–53, 152, 163, 167, 220nn. 6, 12, 226nn. 6, 7

Mark, Gospel of, 24; Abiathar-Ahimelech mistake in, 9; apologetic alterations in text, 200–3, 204–5, 227n. 15; baptism of Christ, 158–59; Christ's passion in, 65–68, 142–43, 148, 172–73, 213; copyists' intentional changes in, 94–95, 97; crucifixion, timing of, 10; dating as earliest Gospel, 135, 212; earliest and best manuscripts, 67, 203, 227n. 22; Ehrman's study of Mark 2, at Princeton, 8–9; ending of, difficulty in interpreting, 67–68; Greek manuscripts of, 135; heretical use of, 35; missing page, theory of, 68; mustard seed error, 9–10; salvation from death of Jesus, 166–67; as source for Gospels of Matthew and Luke, 135, 212; textual criticism of an angry Jesus, 133–39, 149, 225nn. 5, 7, 8, 9; textual criticism of last twelve verses, 65–68, 80, 82, 97–98, 102; 1:2, 209, 224n. 16;
1:11
, 159, 161;
1:41
, 133–39, 149, 200, 209, 225nn. 5, 7, 9;
1:43–45
, 68;
3:5
, 135;
6:3
, 201–2, 203, 227n. 22;
6:34
, 225n. 7;
6:51–52
, 68;
7:24–30
, 179;
8:21
, 68;
8:31–33
, 68;
9
, 138;
9:29
, 97;
9:30–32
, 68;
10:14
, 136;
10:33–40
, 68;
10:45
, 167;
13:55
, 203;
14:12
, 10;
14:33
, 142;
14:34
, 142;
14:35
, 142;
14:36, 39, 41
, 142;
14:62
, 204–5;
15:25
, 10;
15:34
, 172–73;
15:39
, 167;
15:40–41
, 179;
15:40–51
, 179;
15:42–47
, 65;
16:1–8
, 179;
16:4–8
, 66;
16:8
, 67, 68;
16:9–20
, 66–67

Martial, 47, 221n. 3

Martial: Epigrams
(Ker, ed. and trans.), 221n. 3