Misquoting Jesus (29 page)

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Citations of Biblical and ancient texts appear in bold print.

 

Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament, An
(Tregelles), 222n. 7

Acts of the Apostles, 24–25; account of Paul after conversion, 10; alterations in the text involving women, 185–86, 226n. 6; apologies in, 27; copyist error and doctrine of Christ's divinity, 114; illiteracy of apostles, 39–40; martyrologies in, 27;
1:1–11
, 169;
2:38
, 160;
3:17
, 192;
4
, 185–86;
4:13
, 39;
7
, 27;
7:60
, 191;
9:26
, 10;
17:27
, 192;
20:28
, 114

Acts of Paul
, 25

Acts of Peter
, 25

Acts of Thomas
, 25

adoptionists, 155–57, 158, 164, 226n. 4

After the New Testament
(Ehrman), 225n. 1, 227n. 9

Against Celsus
(Origen), 221nn. 10, 16, 227n. 11;
2.27
, 52, 199;
2.74
, 199;
3.44
, 40;
3.50
, 40–41;
3.56
, 41;
4.22
, 193;
6.34
, 202;
6.36
, 203;
10:37–38
, 160

Against the Christians
(Porphry),
2.12–15
, 199, 227n. 16

Against Heresies
(Irenaeus), 35;
1.27.2
, 53;
3.11.7
, 35, 226n. 12

Against Marcion
(Tertullian), 163;
3.8
, 169;
4.40
, 167

Alcalá, Spain, 76, 77

Alexander II, Czar of Russia, 119, 120

Alexandria, Egypt, 72

Alexandrian texts, 124, 125, 131, 139–40, 162, 173

Ambrose, Saint, 145

Amos, 20

Ancient Literacy
(Harris), 220n. 13

antiadoptionist changes to scripture, 157–62

antidocetic changes to scripture, 164–70

“Anti-Feminist Tendencies of the ‘Western Texts' of Acts, The” (Witherington), 226n. 6

antiseparationist changes to scripture, 171–75

Antitheses, 30

apocalypse: Christians who believe in imminent, 13, 110; fig tree parable and timing of, 12–13; Hal Lindsay and, 12–13, 110; Johann Bengel and, 110–11; literature of, 25; timing of, 12–13, 21

Apocalypse of John (in New Testament, as Revelations), 25

Apocalypse of Peter
, 25, 220n. 8

Apologetic Discourse on Scribal Tradition
(Kannaday), 227nn. 15, 17

Apologia
67 (Justin Martyr), 32, 42

apologies (defenses), 26–27, 200–205, 227n. 15

Apostolic Fathers, The
(Ehrman), 220n. 11, 227n. 8

Aristides, 200

Athanasius, 36, 89

Athenagoras, 200

Augustine, Saint, 89

 

Bammel, Ernst, 227n. 12

Barnabas of Alexandria, 14

Basel, Switzerland, 78, 114

Basore, John W., 221n. 2

Bengel, Johann Albrecht, 109–12, 115, 131, 224nn. 14, 15

Bentley, Richard, 86, 105–9, 111, 115, 117, 222n. 10, 223nn. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 224n. 13; refutation of Collins [using pseudonym Phileleutherus Lipsiensis], 86–87, 105, 222n. 12

Beza, Theodore, 79, 82

Bible: commentaries, early, 28–29; Christian interpretations of, 216; Complutensian Polygot, 76–77, 78, 81; composed of copies of writings, 4–5, 10, 71–74; Constantine and advances in copying, 73; Greek texts of New Testament, 6, 10, 11 (
see also specific editions
); as human book, 11–12, 14, 211–12; as inerrant word of God, 4–5, 6, 11, 12, 13–14, 110; Jewish Bible, 6, 11, 19–20, 24, 28, 189, 219n. 2; King James Bible, 76, 79, 82, 83, 209, 227n. 1; Latin Vulgate Bible, 74–75, 76, 79, 89, 106–7, 116, 174, 222nn. 5, 6; Middle Ages, treatment of, 101, 223n. 1; New Revised Standard Version, 203, 209; notes documenting differences among sources (Stephanus's editions), 80, 83; originals unavailable, 4–5, 10, 59; polygot editions, 76–77, 222n. 6; text divided into verses (Stephanus's edition), 80;
Textus Receptus
(T.R.) and Erasmus translation, 78–83; translations and current editions, 209.
See also
Jewish Bible; New Testament

books in the ancient world, 221n. 1; copies, professional, 73–74; copies, variations in, 46; copyist errors, 46, 47, 90–94, 223n. 16; copyists' intentional changes, 46, 51–55; copyright protection absent, 53–54; distribution, 46; early vs. later Christian texts, variations in, 71–72; printing press, invention of, 73, 75–76; production of, 46; publication, 46

Books and Readers in the Ancient World
(Gamble), 221nn. 1, 12

Burk, John C. F., 224nn. 14–15

Byzantine manuscripts, 73, 75, 124, 131, 157, 224n. 2

 

“Cambridge Pericope, The” (Bammel), 227n. 12

Campus Life Youth for Christ club, 3

“Canon, Hebrew Bible” (Sanders), 219n. 2

Canon of the New Testament, The
(Metzger), 220n. 10

Celsus, 40–41, 52, 101, 179, 199

Chadwick, Henry, 221n. 16, 225n. 11, 227n. 11

chiasmus
, 140–41

Christianity: acts of the apostles, early accounts, 24–25; adoptionists, 155–57, 158, 226n. 4; alteration in scripture, involving Jews, 190–95, 227n. 7; alteration in scripture, involving women, 183–86, 226nn. 4–6; antiheretical treatises, 27; apocalypse, 12–13, 25; apologetic alterations to scripture, 200–205, 227n. 15; apologies (defenses) of, 26–27, 200–205, 227n. 15; bookish character of, 17, 20–29, 36–37, 41–43, 69; canon, disputes over, 153; church orders, 25–26; Constantine and, 72–73, 152; copyists, amateur, 34, 47–56, 71–72, 124, 221n. 4, 221n. 7; copyists, professional, 72–74, 221n. 8, 221n. 13, 222n. 1; docetists, 162–64, 170, 226n. 5; early Christian letters, 21–23, 31–32; early commentaries, 28–29; early communities, 22–23, 179–81; early lesser-known writings, 14; effects of Christ's death, issues involving, 153, 154; evangelical, contemporary, Bible as inerrant word of God, 4–5, 6, 11, 12, 13–14; formation of Christian canon, 29–36; founded by Jews who located sacred authority in books, 20; God, identity of, issues, 152, 153, 154; intellectual converts, 26; Jewish Bible used by, 24, 28, 189; Jewish conflicts with, 187–90, 227n. 8; Jewish converts, 35; Jewish Law and, 35; Jewish scriptures, status of, 154; leaders of early church, 51; literacy of early Christians, 21, 38–41, 51, 72–73, 220n. 13; liturgy, 32; martyrologies, 27; meeting in homes, 51; nature of Christ (fully human, fully divine, both) issues, 153, 154, 155–75, 227n. 19; orthodoxy and proto-orthodoxy, 28, 154, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174; pagan converts, 21; pagan opponents, 40–41, 52, 179, 196–200; persecutions of Christians, 26, 196–98, 227n. 13; problems with copying early Christian texts, 51–55; public reading of texts, 22, 23, 32, 41–43, 49, 51; readers of Christian writings, 36–41; sacred rites of, 26; salvation, doctrine of, 166–67, 171, 189; Scripture as authority for faith and, 85–88, 102–5, 112, 114; separationists, 170–71; theological diversity in first centuries of, 152–55, 225n. 1, 225n. 2; Trinity, doctrine of and Johannine Comma, 81–82, 102, 113; women, role of in early church, 178–82, 226n. 1

Christians as the Romans Saw Them, The
(Wilken), 227n. 13

Clement of Alexandria, Saint, 89, 174

Clement of Rome, 14, 49–50

2
Clement
19:1
, 42

Codex Alexandrinus, 106, 113

Codex Bezae, 134, 194–95, 227n. 12

Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, 118

Codex Sinaiticus, 47, 88, 119–20, 124, 169, 191, 224nn. 23, 24

Codex Vaticanus, 56, 92, 124

Colbatch, John, 108

Collins, Anthony, 86, 87

Colossians, 23;
4:16
, 23, 42

common era (C.E.), 19, 22, 219nn. 1, 4

Complutensian Polygot, 76–77, 78, 81

Constantine the Great, 72–73, 152

copyists: addition to Gospel of John, story of woman taken in adultery, 62–65, 80, 82, 97–98, 102; addition to Gospel of Mark, last twelve verses,
65–68, 80, 82, 97–98, 102; alteration in texts, involving Jews, 190–95, 227n. 7; alteration in texts, involving women, 183–86, 226nn. 4, 5, 6; ancient authors, complaints by, 46–47, 221n. 4; antiadoptionist changes to the text, 157–62; antidocetic changes to the text, 164–70; antiseparationist changes to the text, 171–75; apologetic changes to scripture, 200–205, 227n. 15; authors' threats against, 54–55; changed texts, accidental, 46, 55, 59, 71, 90–94, 177, 223n. 16; changed texts, intentional, 34, 46, 52–56, 59, 94–98, 133–49, 151–75, 183–86, 190–95, 200–205, 226nn. 4, 5, 6, 227nn. 7, 15; Christian, early amateur and local, 34, 47–56, 71–72, 124, 131, 221n. 7; Christian, professional, 72–74, 221nn. 8, 13, 222n. 1; conserving textual tradition and, 177; corrections and erroneous corrections, 56, 57–58, 177–78; dictations and mistakes, 58–59, 92–93; Egyptian scribes, 38–39, 131; errors in scripture, 4–5, 10–11, 52; in Greco-Roman world, 45–47; Hebrews, “by the grace of God” or “apart from God,” 144–48, 225n. 12; Hebrews, intentional change, 56; heretics and alteration of texts, 52–53; Hermas as, 48–51; humanness of, 211–12; literate slaves as, 46, 50; liturgical changes by, 97; local textual traditions, 72, 130; Luke and copyist changes in scripture, 139–44, 157–71; Marcion and, 34, 52–53; Mark, Gospel of, and copyist changes in scripture, 133–39, 173; monks, as, 55, 221nn. 8, 13; Origen's complaint, 52; orthodox scribes, changes by, 53;
periblepsis
occasioned by
homoeoteleuton
(kind of mistake), 91–92; professional scribes, 46, 50, 51, 72–74, 131; problems copying early Christian texts, 51–55; problems interpreting ancient Greek texts, 48, 90, 221n. 5; scholars, notable, uncovering variants, 101–25; scribal class, 71–72; scriptoria established, 73, 222n. 2; shortcomings of, 39; skills of, variations in, 55, 220n. 15; textual variations, early vs. later copies, 71–74; theologically motivated alterations of the text, 151–75, 178; Timothy and copyist error, 113–15, 157–58

Corinthians, First Letter of Paul to: alterations to text involving women, 183–86, 226n. 4; church orders in, 26; copyist mistakes in, 90, 91; illiteracy of converts at, 40; women's role in Christian community, 180;
1:27
, 40;
5:8
, 90;
5:9
, 22–23;
7:1
, 23;
11
, 26, 181;
11:2–16
, 184;
11:3–16
, 181;
11:17–24
, 181;
11:23–25
, 166;
11:25
, 196;
12:13
, 91;
14:33–36
, 183–84, 226n. 4;
15:3–4
, 21;
15:27
, 146

Corinthians, Second Letter of Paul to,
3:1
, 23

Critical History of the Text of the New Testament, A
(Simon), 102, 223nn. 2–5

Cyprian, 116

 

Damasus, Pope, 74, 101

D'Angelo, Mary Rose, 226n. 1

Daniel, 25

Daube, David, 227n. 10

deism, 86

Denkendorf, Germany, 109

Deuteronomy, 19;
24:1
, 30–31;
35:4
, 31

Dialogue with Trypho
(Justin Martyr), 226n. 8, 227n. 21

Didache of the Twelve Apostles, The
, 26

Dionysius, 53

Discourse on Free Thinking
(Locke), 86

Divine Man or Magician
(Gallagher),

227n. 19

docetists, 162–64, 170, 226n. 5

doctrine of inspiration, 7, 11, 110

 

Early Church, The
(Chadwick), 225n. 1

Eastern Christianity, 74, 76

Ebionites, 155–57, 164

Egypt: Alexandrian texts, 124, 125, 131, 139–40, 162, 173; Athanasius, 36; Coptic language, 74; scribes in, 38–39

Ehrman, Bart D.: books and articles, cited, 219n. 3, 220nn. 7, 10, 11, 12, 221nn. 5, 6, 11, 14, 222nn, 4, 6, 9, 17, 223nn. 16, 18, 224nn. 1, 20, 225nn. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10–12, 226nn. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 227nn. 8, 9; “bornagain” experience, 2, 3, 11, 211; Campus Life Youth for Christ club and, 3; career aspirations following Moody, 5–6; childhood in Episcopal church, Lawrence, KS, 1–2; Cullen Story and, 8–9; Gerald Hawthorne and, 6, 7; Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and other language studies, 5, 6; interest in textual criticism, 5, 14–15, 207, 210–12; at Moody Bible Institute, 4, 5, 11, 12; at Princeton Theological Seminary, 7–9; questioning assumption that the Bible is the inerrant word of God, 7, 8, 9–10, 11; radical rethinking of what the Bible is, 11, 14; study of Gospel of Mark at Princeton, 8–9; at Wheaton College, 6–7, 8

Ellerton, John, 122

Elzevir, Abraham and Bonaventure, 79, 82

1 Enoch, 25

Ephesians, Letter of Paul to the, 32

Epp, Eldon Jay, 226n. 5

Erasmus, Desiderius, 78–82; Johannine Comma and, 81–82, 102

Eusebius, 73, 222n. 3

Exodus, 19;
23:20
, 94

“Explicit References in the Works of Origen to Variant Readings in New Testament Manuscripts” (Metzger), 221n. 9

 

Fee, Gordon D., 226n. 4

Fell, John, 83

First Epistle to the Corinthians, The
(Fee), 226n. 4

“For They Know Not What They Do” (Daube), 227n. 10

Fox, Adam, 222nn. 10, 11

Frend, W.H.C., 227n. 13

Froben, Johann, 78

 

Galatians, Letter of Paul to the: account of Paul after conversion, 10; earliest copy, papyrus P
⁴⁶
, 60; “false teachers” warning, 27; number of copies, 58; original text, 58–60; Paul's postscript in his handwriting, 58–59; right standing with God comes from faith, 33; source, 62; women equality in, 180;
1:16–17
, 10;
2:15–16
, 189;
3:37–28
, 180;
6:11
, 58