Joseph E. Persico (72 page)

In 1918, as Franklin returned: Doris Kearns Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time,
pp. 19–20.

“a woman of lofty liberal principles. . . .”: Jim Bishop,
FDR's Last Year,
p. xi.

By 1941, with her husband invalided: Goodwin, pp. 434–35.

His report made clear: PSF Box 57.

“We failed to see. . . .”: Eric Larrabee,
Commander in Chief,
p. 9.

“
TORCH
was a project. . . .”: James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 286.

“I feel very strongly. . . .”: ibid., p. 289.

“. . . [T]he assumption [is]. . . .”: ibid.

Under a secret arrangement: Sheridan Nichols, “The Light That Failed: Intelligence Gathering Activities in North Africa Prior to Operation Torch,”
Maghreb Review
4 (July/December 1979), p. 135.

Donovan was to find out: ibid., p. 136.

The organization was to invent: Nathan Miller,
Spying for America,
p. 270.

“I've never met him. . . .”: Nichols, p. 135.

With the arrival of Colonel Eddy: ibid.

“All their thoughts are centered. . . .”: Francis Russell,
The Secret War,
p. 96.

“complacently neutral. . . .”: Christopher Andrew,
For the President's Eyes Only,
p. 134.

Nearly 100,000 troops: Donald A. Walker, “OSS and Operation Torch,”
Journal of Contemporary History,
vol. 22 (1987), p. 673.

“That place is a sieve! . . .”: Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 287.

“Don't worry about Cordell. . . .”: Andrew, p. 134.

Murphy left Roosevelt: ibid.

“You know I am not supposed. . . .”: Sherwood, p. 633.

According to anti-Nazi: Walker, p. 668.

The President had taken out: Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 290.

The President had it on good authority: ibid., p. 293.

The ship count for Torch: Martin Blumenson,
Mark Clark,
pp. 75–76.

Murphy communicated Mast's wishes: ibid., p. 77.

Attending the meeting: ibid., pp. 77–79.

Clark was to try to enlist: ibid., p. 79.

“I am leaving in twenty minutes. . . .”: ibid., pp. 79–80.

He and the men boarding: ibid., pp. 79–81.

By 6 a.m. Clark's party: ibid., p. 81.

Mast then asked for: ibid., p. 82.

Not until the middle: ibid., pp. 84–85.

There, Eisenhower decided: ibid., p. 87.

“The P. had an awful nightmare. . . .”: Suckley, Binder 16, p. 258.

“We have landed in North Africa. . . .”: Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 292.

As the forces landed: Miller, p. 271.

General Mast managed: Peter Young, ed.,
The World Almanac Book of World War II,
pp. 181–82.

Colonel Eddy's team had amassed: Nichols, p. 136.

The enemy was where: Walker, p. 669.

That enemies could penetrate: Gentry, p. 245.

Hitler had revealed his timetable: PSF Box 2; Orville H. Bullitt, ed.,
For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt,
pp. 319–21.

He had even braved the disfavor: Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb,
p. 525.

Roosevelt was already attacked: Lucy S. Dawidowicz, “Could the United States Have Rescued the European Jews from Hitler?”
This World,
Fall 1985, p. 21.

Bigots parodied his New Deal: Goodwin, p. 102.

In that period, before war broke out: Liva Baker,
Felix Frankfurter,
pp. 200–201.

Instead of going to Roosevelt: letter, Rosenman to Berle, Oct. 19, 1939, FDRL.

The transcript Bullitt had sent: Joseph E. Persico,
Nuremberg,
p. 282.

“The Jew party [was]. . . .”: Goodwin, p. 102.

“I now think he travelled. . . .”: James Roosevelt,
My Parents,
p. 219.

A 1938 Roper poll: Goodwin, p. 102.

The tight immigration laws: William J. vanden Heuvel, “America, FDR and the Holocaust,”
Society,
vol. 34, no. 6 (October 1997), p. 3.

Even unfilled quotas: Dawidowicz, pp. 16, 17.

A bill introduced in the House: Goodwin, p. 101.

The saga of the SS
St. Louis:
ibid., p. 102.

Many who landed: vanden Heuvel, p. 5;
Washington Post,
Aug. 2, 1998; Goodwin, p. 102.

“The whole trouble is in England”: John Morton Blum,
Years of War, 1941–1945: From the Morgenthau Diaries,
p. 208.

“some very wonderful. . . .”: ibid., p. 207.

“I actually would put a barbed wire. . . .”: ibid., p. 208.

All had turned out: Charles Roetter,
The Art of Psychological Warfare: 1914–1945,
p. 46.

“The post-war settlement. . . .”: M 1642, Reel 1, Frames 543, 544.

“From Midland. . . .”: M 1642, Reel 23, Frames 22, 23.

One account described: Ernest B. Furgurson, “Back Channels,”
Washingtonian,
vol. 31 (June 1996).

His agents interrogated: Irwin F. Gellman,
Secret Affairs,
p. 283.

“Yesterday's cleansing action in Slonim. . . .”: David Stafford,
Churchill and Secret Service,
p. 298.

“The number of Jews engaged. . . .”: Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds.,
Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence,
p. 308.

The largest number: Goodwin, p. 101.

One, the Portuguese: Joseph E. Persico,
Piercing the Reich,
p. 3.

Throughout the war: Robert H. Ferrell,
The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944–1945,
p. 150.

chapter xvi: an exchange: an invasion for a bomb

The President pointed out: James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 235; Jim Bishop,
FDR's Last Year,
pp. 47–48.

“vast and conspicuous factories”: Eric Larrabee,
Commander in Chief,
p. 646.

“when the President said he. . . .”: ibid.

That matter settled:
FRUS,
3d Washington Conference, p. 2.

Besides, the British considered: Larrabee, p. 645.

Two American physicists:
FRUS,
p. 4.

What the British had shared: H. D. Smythe, “The Smythe Report,”
Library Chronicles,
p. III6.

“[I]nterchange on design. . . .”:
FRUS,
p. 5.

Serving with the Army:
American National Biography,
vol. 5, pp. 284–315.

Conant expressed General Groves's position: HH Box 132.

Upon learning that FDR approved:
FRUS,
p. 6.

“The War Department is asking. . . .”: ibid., p. 1.

“There is no question of breach. . . .”: ibid., p. 2.

“. . . entirely destroys. . . .”: ibid., p. 5.

The Americans had chucked: ibid., p. 3.

His government wanted to share: HH Box 132.

“impossible [and] dangerous”: Brian Loring Villa, “The Atomic Bomb and the Normandy Invasion,”
Perspectives in American History
2 (1977–1978), p. 472.

At one point, he told: ibid., p. 499.

“never had any intention. . . .”: ibid., p. 481.

And a conciliatory FDR: ibid., p. 483.

“since our program is not suffering. . . .”:
FRUS,
First Quebec Conference, p. 631.

The secretary of war advised: Villa, p. 478.

“I think you made a firm commitment. . . .”: HH Box 132.

“Dear Van, while I am mindful. . . .”:
FRUS,
Quebec, p. 633.

“magnificent in reconciliation. . . .”: Villa, p. 493.

“to bring the Tube Alloys project. . . .”:
FRUS,
Quebec, Aug. 19, 1943; Villa, p. 495.

“It would be in the best interests. . . .”: HH Box 132.

Among them was a slight: Norman Moss,
Klaus Fuchs,
pp. 36, 45.

“[W]hat you are after is to see. . . .”: Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb,
p. 314.

Still, plenty of brainpower remained: Pamela Spence Richards, “Wartime: The OSS and the Periodical Republication Program,” FDRL.

“would throw a man off his horse. . . .”: Thomas Powers,
Heisenberg's War,
p. 151.

“The attached clipping shows. . . .”:
NYT,
April 4, 1943; HH Box 132.

Heisenberg was a loyal German: Thomas Powers, p. 40.

“At every point during the argument. . . .”: ibid., pp. 132, 151.

“Professor Heisenberg had not given. . . .”: Rhodes, p. 405.

Of 1,006 bombs dropped: Thomas Powers, p. 212.

While Bill Donovan was raining: Robin W. Winks,
Cloak and Gown,
p. 176; Nathan Miller,
Spying for America,
p. 245.

Running the scientific smuggling: Richards, p. 262.

Within minutes, a mysterious: ibid., pp. 261–62.

FDR, whose early law practice:
Los Angeles Times,
Sept. 22, 2000

“practically became a member. . . .”: Curt Gentry,
J. Edgar Hoover,
p. 303.

The young man was soon: ibid.

It was from this post: Doris Kearns Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time,
p. 420.

Thus investigators opened his mail: Athan Theoharis, ed.,
From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover,
p. 59.

The general reviewed the CIC record: Gentry, p. 305; Theoharis, p. 63.

“indicated quite clearly that Mrs. Roosevelt. . . .”: Theoharis, p. 61.

“I'm so happy to have been with you. . . .”: Goodwin, p. 420.

“Subject and Mrs. Pratt appeared. . . .”: Gentry, p. 305.

Actually, they had played gin: ibid.

At the prompting of a furious FDR: Goodwin, p. 421.

Marshall ordered the CIC's domestic spying: Theoharis, p. 60.

The CIC was supposed to hunt: ibid., p. 62.

Eleanor went to her husband: Gentry, p. 299.

“This type of investigation. . . .”: ibid.

“[O]h gosh, Hoover has apologized. . . .”: ibid., p. 300.

“anybody who knew anything about this. . . .”: Theoharis, p. 61.

He was to keep the scurrilous: ibid., p. 62.

“bosses want me to speak about”: John Franklin Carter Diary, Feb. 23, 1943.

“Doctors know more about. . . .”: ibid.

He began spouting: PSF Box 98.

Chin lifted, he began dictating: Carter Diary, Feb. 23, 1943.

He believed himself utterly unappreciated: PSF Box 98.

“When the Hitler regime begins. . . .”: ibid.

“The Army could really be turned. . . .”: ibid.

Among his deliveries was the daughter: M 1642, Reel 109, Frame 398.

“Probable Mode of Exit of Adolph Hitler . . .”: PSF Box 98.

“Hitler is familiar enough with ancient history. . . .”: ibid.

He startled his family:
NYT,
Dec. 31, 1974.

On one occasion, the burly envoy: William B. Breuer,
Hoodwinking Hitler,
p. 36.

At one dance hall, he listened impatiently: Ladislas Farago,
The Game of the Foxes,
p. 574.

State Department careerists were less amused: Breuer, p. 36.

The old capital of the Ottoman Empire: Farago, p. 570.

“[W]e had a General. . . .”: Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 323.

“I heard the words. . . .”: Anthony Cave Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies,
p. 247.

“A gradual break-up in Germany. . . .”: Winston S. Churchill,
The Second World War: Closing the Ring,
pp. 573–74.

“If you were given two choices. . . .”: Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies,
p. 248.

“[S]uddenly the press conference was on. . . .”: Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom,
p. 323.

A policy of uncompromising total surrender: John Gunther,
Roosevelt in Retrospect,
pp. 332–33.

“Of course, it's just the thing. . . .”: Richard A. Russell,
Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan,
p. 29.

Stalin believed that leaving the Germans:
FRUS,
Cairo Conference, p. 513.

Upon checking into Istanbul's luxurious: Farago, p. 572.

He signed the telegram: ibid.

Ten days after Earle checked into: ibid., p. 576.

“unquestionably a Nazi agent. . . .”: MR Box 13.

“Earle is cooperating. . . .”: ibid.

When the Allied troops did invade: Farago, pp. 578–79.

One day FDR received a large envelope: ibid., p. 577.

“there would be no place. . . .”: ibid., p. 576.

chapter xvii: leakage from the top

Yet, he had trouble persuading: Christopher Andrew,
For the President's Eyes Only,
p. 143.

“I have learned that you seldom. . . .”: ibid.

“C in C [Commander in Chief] combined. . . .”: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen,
Spy Book,
p. 606.

While the Battle of Midway: Andrew, p. 138.

“Oshima often impressed this observer. . . .”: Polmar and Allen,
Spy Book,
p. 417.

“I took occasion to ask him. . . .”: RG 457 #89076.

“Why does Germany have to take . . .?”: RG 457 #92031.

“Before long, as things now look. . . .”: RG 457 #93120.

“Well, it is quite true that these bombings. . . .”: RG 457 #94081.

In one summary, the ambassador: RG 457 CBOM 76.

“Local municipal authorities told me. . . .”: RG 457 #94388.

“The main reason is failure to close. . . .”: RG 457 SRH 111.

“. . . [T]he prisoners tell us. . . .”: RG 457 CBOM 76.

On December 15 the Japanese foreign office: ibid.

“. . . [L]ooking at it from the American point of view. . . .”: RG 457 #74938.

In 1943 over four hundred messages: Polmar and Allen,
Spy Book,
p. 417.