Girl Trouble (39 page)

37
Ibid., Introduction by Brigid Brophy, p. iv.

38
Ibid.

39
Gummer, J. Selwyn,
The Permissive Society: Fact or Fantasy?
London: Cassell, 1971, p. 58.

40
Ibid., p. 61.

41
There is a copy in the Archive of the National Secular Society in the Bishopsgate Institute in London.

42
Sir Brian Windeyer, address to RSA, quoted by Schofield in
Promiscuity,
p. 22.

43
Schofield,
Promiscuity,
pp. 24–5.

44
Ibid., pp. 68–9.

45
Whiting, A., ‘Would You Let Your Teenage Daughter Go to a Birth Control Clinic?',
Daily Mirror,
8 November 1963, p. 9.

46
Paul Ferris, ‘Teenage Sex/The New Dilemma',
Observer
, 18 July 1971, p. 21.

47
‘God's Will – By Doctor in the Pill Case',
Daily Mirror,
6 March 1971, p. 5; ‘GPs in Sex Secrets Revolt',
Daily Mirror
, 15 May 1974, p. 1.

48
Selwyn Gummer,
The Permissive Society,
p. 39.

49
Litchfield, M., and Kentish, S.,
Babies for Burning: The Abortion Business in Britain
, London: Serpentine Press, 1974.

50
Ibid., p. 148.

51
Lewin, R., ‘Abortion – Getting the Facts Right',
New Scientist
, 3 April 1975, p. 2.

52
Hansard, debates in House of Lords, 6 August 1975, vol. 363, cc. 1654–1655; debates in House of Commons, 26 July 1977, vol. 936, cc. 573–575; 22 June 1979, vol. 968, cc. 1651–1652.

53
Francome, C.,
Abortion Freedom: A Worldwide Movement
, London: Routledge, 1984, p. 165ff; Newburn, T.,
Permission and Regulation: Law and Morals in Postwar Britain,
London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 151–2; Diane Munday papers in Bishopsgate Institute.

54
E.g. ‘Unmarried Mothers: Some Opposing Views', in
The Times
, 5 December 1966, p. 13; ‘Parents of Schoolgirl Mothers Blamed',
The Times,
11 March 1966, p. 6; ‘Campaign to Combat Teenage Pregnancies',
The Times,
28 April 1981, p. 4; ‘Anguish of the Teenage Mothers',
The Times,
18 October 1985, p. 15. ‘Concern at High Rate of Illegitimacy',
The Times
, 19 August 1985, p. 3.

55
See
Independent
, 6 November 2011, looking back on the story of Helen Morgan's experience,
www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home–news/miss-world-who-gave-up-her-crown-returns-to-the-pageant-for-the-first-time-6258022.html
, retrieved 11 April 2012.

56
E.g. Rhodes Boyson, ‘Free Contraceptives', in
The Times,
17 April 1974, p. 15.

57
Simms, M., and Smith, C.,
Teenage Mothers and Their Partners: A Survey in England and Wales
, London: HMSO, Department of Health and Social Security Research Report no. 15, 1986.

58
Ibid.
,
p. 8.

59
Ibid., p. 103.

60
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/newsid_2499000/2499583.stm
, retrieved 11 April 2012; De Cruz, S. P., ‘Parents, Doctors and Children: The Gillick Case and Beyond',
Journal of Social Welfare Law,
9:2, 1987, pp. 93–108; NSPCC Factsheet, ‘Gillick Competency and Fraser Guidelines', December 2009,
www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/research/questions/gillick_wda61289.html
.

61
Weale, S., ‘“I Will Not Let It Go”', article on Victoria Gillick,
Guardian
, 21 November 2000.
www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2000/nov/21/features11.g22
, retrieved 11 April 2012.

62
‘Abortion Act Threat',
Spare Rib
, no. 34, 1975, p. 17. See also no. 35.

63
British edition of
Our Bodies, Ourselves
, edited by Phillips, A., and Rakusen, J., London: Penguin and Allen Lane, 1978.

64
Ibid., p. 558.

65
Greig, C.,
A Girl's Guide to Modern European Philosophy
, London: Serpent's Tail, 2007.

66
Ibid., pp. 179–80.

67
Compare, for instance, Jeffreys, S.,
Anticlimax: A Feminist Perspective on the Sexual Revolution,
New York: New York University Press, 1991, with Grant,
Sexing the Millennium
.

68
Quoted by Kira Cochrane in ‘Forty Years of the Women's Liberation Movement',
Guardian
, 26 February 2010.
www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/feb/26/forty-years-womens-liberation
.

69
De Beauvoir, S.,
The Second Sex
, London: Cape, 1953; Friedan, B.,
The Feminine Mystique
, London: Gollancz, 1963; Greer, G.,
The Female Eunuch
, London: Paladin, 1971.

70
Penny, L., ‘The Female Eunuch Forty Years On',
Guardian
, 27 October 2010.
www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2010/oct/27/female-eunuch-40-years-on
, retrieved 13 April 2012.

71
See Conservative Party Archives in Bodleian Library, CCO 20/36/4 and CCO 20/36/7. Geoffrey Howe later redrafted the Cripps Committee Report to make it more inclusive; see CRD 3/38/2. A published version of the report, written by Beryl Cooper and Geoffrey Howe,
Opportunity for Women
, was published by the Conservative Political Centre in September 1969.

72
House of Lords,
Special Report from the Select Committee on the Anti-Discrimination Bill
, London: HMSO 27 March 1973; House of Lords,
Second Special Report from the Select Committee on the Anti-Discrimination Bill,
Session 1972–73, London: HMSO, 18 April 1973; House of Commons,
Special Report from the Select Committee on the Anti-Discrimination (No. 2) Bill
, London: HMSO, 26 June 1973.

73
See Minutes of Evidence taken before Select Committee of House of Commons on Anti-Discrimination Bill, paras. 258–305, pp. 38–49.

74
See Dyhouse,
Students
, esp.
Chapters 6
,
8
and 9 for a detailed narrative and analysis of coeducation in Oxford and Cambridge colleges.

75
Walkerdine, V., ‘Sex, Power and Pedagogy',
Screen Education
, no. 38, Spring 1981, pp. 14–24.

76
Ibid., p. 15.

77
Collection in author's possession.

78
Spare Rib
, October 1978, no. 75.

79
ILEA Learning Resources Branch,
Anti-Sexist Resources Guide,
compiled by Sue Adler and Annie Cornbleet, London: Television and Publishing Centre, Yale Press, 1984;
Genderwatch! Self-Assessment Schedules for Use in Schools
, devised by Kate Myers, London: SCDC Publications, 1987.

80
Sharpe, S.,
‘Just Like a Girl': How Girls Learn to Be Women,
London: Penguin, 1976.

81
Wilson, A.,
Finding a Voice: Asian Women in Britain
, London: Virago, 1978.

82
Sharpe,
‘Just Like a Girl'
; compare with Joseph, J., ‘A Research Note on Attitudes to Work and Marriage of Six Hundred Adolescent Girls',
British Journal of Sociology
, 12:2, 1961, pp. 176–83, and Rauta, I., and Hunt, A.,
Fifth Form Girls: Their Hopes for the Future,
survey carried out on behalf of the Department of Education and Science, London: HMSO, 1975.

83
Early examples of a new attention to girls were McRobbie, A., and Garber, J., ‘Girls and Subcultures', in Hall, S., and Jefferson, T. (eds),
Resistance through Rituals
, London: Hutchinson, 1976; McRobbie, A., ‘
Jackie
: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity', Birmingham, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1977. A version of this is now available as ‘
Jackie
Magazine: Romantic Individualism and the Teenage Girl' at
www.gold.ac.uk/media/jackie–magazine.pdf
(retrieved 13 April 2012). Walkerdine, J., and Lucey, H.,
Democracy in the Kitchen; Regulating Mothers and Socialising Daughters
, London: Virago, 1989. See also Dyhouse, C., ‘Adolescent Girlhood: Autonomy versus Dependence', in
Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England
.

84
McRobbie, ‘
Jackie
: An Ideology'; see note 83.

85
Radway, J.,
Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy and Popular Literature,
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984; Kaplan, C., ‘
The Thorn Birds
: Fiction, Fantasy, Femininity', in Burgin, V., Donald, J., and Kaplan, C. (eds),
Formations of Fantasy,
London: Routledge, 1986.

86
Blume, J.,
Forever
, London: Pan Horizons, 1986 (1975).

87
Courtney Sullivan, ‘Judy Blume Showed Innocence Isn't Forever',
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127482114
, retrieved 13 April 2012.

88
McRobbie, A.,
Feminism and Youth Culture:
From Jackie to Just Seventeen
, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1991.

89
Kurtz, I., ‘The Simple Secret of Successful Sex',
Cosmopolitan
, August 1973, p. 111.

90
For
Shocking Pink
, 1979–1983, see
www.thefword.org.uk/features/2011/08/shocking_pink
and for 1987–1992,
www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/165
(retrieved 13 April 2012).

91
Hemmings, S., (ed.),
Girls Are Powerful
:
Young Women's Writings from Spare Rib
, London: Sheba Feminist Publishers, 1982.

92
There are too many sources to list here but see, for instance, Whyte, J., Deem, R., Kant, M., and Cruickshank, M. (eds),
Girl Friendly Schooling
, London: Methuen, 1985.

93
Arnot, M., and Phipps, A., ‘Gender and Education in the UK', paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2003/4,
The Leap to Equality, 2004
; Arnot, M., David, M., and Weiner, G.,
Closing the Gender Gap: Postwar Education and Social Change,
Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.

94
Sharpe, ‘
Just Like a Girl'
.

95
Dyhouse, C., ‘Gaining Places: The Rising Proportion of Women Students in Universities after 1970', in Dyhouse,
Students
.

96
Cashmore, Ellis,
United Kingdom?: Class, Race and Gender since the War
, London: Unwin Hyman, 1989, p. 194.

97
Ashworth, A.,
Once in a House on Fire,
London: Picador, 1998.

98
Harriet Swain, interview with Andrea Ashworth,
Times Higher Education Supplement
, 20 March 1998.

99
See for instance, Bass, E., and Thornton, L. (eds),
I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse,
New York: Harper and Row, 1983; Fraser, S.,
My Father's House
: London: Virago, 1989; Spring, J.,
Cry Hard and Swim: The Story of an Incest Survivor
, London: Virago, 1990. Just after this book went to press, revelations about media personality Jimmy Savile's exploitation of young girls from the 1960s to the 1980s show just how difficult it could be for young women to speak out about
sexual abuse, and to have their stories listened to and taken seriously.

100
Butler-Sloss, E.,
Report of the Inquiry into Child Abuse in Cleveland 1987,
London: HMSO, July 1988; Bell, S.,
When Salem Came to the Boro,
London: Pan, 1988; Campbell, B.,
Unofficial Secrets: Child Sexual Abuse – the Cleveland Case,
London: Virago, 1988.

101
Nava, M., ‘Cleveland and the Press: Outrage and Anxiety in the Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse',
Feminist Review,
28, Spring 1988, pp. 103–21; Donaldson, L. J. and O'Brien, S., ‘Press Coverage of the Cleveland Child Sexual Abuse Enquiry: A Source of Public Enlightenment?'
Journal of Public Health Medicine
, 17:11, pp. 70–6.

102
Miles Kington, ‘The Danger of Labelling Parents Guilty Until Proved Innocent',
Independent
, 30 June 1988, reproduced in Nava, ‘Cleveland and the Press'.

103
Nava, ‘Cleveland and the Press'.

104
Daily Mirror
, 13 April 1971, p. 5.

7 What happened to girl power?

1
The best-known history of punk is Savage, J.,
England's Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock
, London: Faber, 2001. A number of local studies include material on girls and punk. See, for instance, Beesley, T.,
Our Generation: The Punk and Mod Children of Sheffield, Rotherham and Doncaster 1976–1985,
Peterborough: Fastprint Publishing, 2009. This serves as the first volume of a trilogy, the other two titles being
Out of Control,
Rotherham: Days Like Tomorrow Books, 2010, and
This Is Our Generation Calling,
Rotherham: Days Like Tomorrow Publishing, 2010. Vols. 2 and 3 contain the most information on female punks.

2
Wolf, N.,
The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used against Women
, London: Vintage, 1990.

3
Ibid. The claim that ‘eating disorders rose exponentially' appears on pp. 10 and 11 of this edition.

4
Pipher, M.,
Reviving Ophelia; Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls
, New York: Putnam, 1994; Brumberg, J. J.,
The Body Project: An Intimate History of Adolescent Girls,
New York: Random House, 1997.