Girl Trouble (37 page)

36
See notes of Dr Norris visit to Knowle Hill and marginal annotations in HO 45/14545.

37
May 1923, note in HO 45/14545.

38
Knowle Hill Community Home, Punishment Book 1916–1943, in Warwickshire County Record Office. See four-page ‘Report of Inquiry into Allegations of Irregular Punishment at Knowle Hill School', dated 29 September 1959, folded into the punishment book.

39
www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1974349
, retrieved 6 July 2011.

40
‘The Unstable Adolescent Girl',
British Medical Journal
, 19 December 1946, pp. 909–12.

41
Ibid., p. 910.

42
Burt, ‘The Causes of Sex Delinquency in Girls'. Quotation from p. 265.

43
‘The Unstable Adolescent Girl', p. 909.

44
Willcock, H. D.,
Report on Juvenile Delinquency
, London: Falcon Press, 1949, p. 54.

45
The Knowle Hill affair features on
www.corpun.com/index.htm
, which has various links.

46
On Ruth Ellis and her appearances in court see Marks, L., and Van Den Bergh, T.,
Ruth Ellis: A Case of Diminished Responsibility?
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990, esp. p. 134.

47
Fabian, R.,
London After Dark: An Intimate Record of Night Life in London, and a Selection of Crime Stories from the Case Book of Ex-Superintendent R. Fabian,
London: Naldrett Press, 1954, p. 52.

48
Ibid., p. 54.

49
The journalist Duncan Webb published a report on prostitution in the West End pointing a finger at the Messina brothers in a well-known article in the
People
, 3 September 1950; see also his article ‘Messina Gang Women Flout the Police' in the same newspaper, 1 October 1950. Material on the Messina brothers and their various activities (and feud
with Duncan Webb) is available in the National Archives, esp. HO 45/25638, MEPO 2/9004, MEPO 2/9845, MEPO 2/9633, MEPO 3/2582.

50
HO 45/25638, esp. MEPO 3/2582.

51
www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1071678/index.html
.

52
See note 49
.

53
‘Confidential Report of Investigation into Conditions of the Coloured Population in a Stepney Area', produced by a local committee chaired by the Revd St John Groser, Rector of St George's, Stepney, 1944. Phyllis Young was the main investigator. In Tower Hamlets Local History Library, P/RAM/2/1/2.

54
Ibid., pp. 20–1.

55
Edith Ramsay collection, Tower Hamlets Local History Library, Notes on prostitution in the Commercial Road/Cable Street Area, P/RAM/2/1/7.

56
See Fabian's spoken introduction to
Passport to Shame
, and note 51, also Fabian, ‘The Street Girls of Soho' in
London After Dark
.

57
Richardson,
Adolescent Girls in Approved Schools,
p. 1.

58
Ibid.

59
Slater, Cowie and Cowie,
Delinquency in Girls
, p. 59.

60
‘Millions Like Her',
Picture Post,
13 January 1951, pp. 10–15.

61
Mass Observation, ‘A Report on Teen-Age Girls', 1949, report no. 8150, Mass Observation Archive, University of Sussex.

62
Wilkins, L.,
The Adolescent in Britain
, London: Central Office of Information, 1955.

63
See Joyce Joseph's report ‘A Research Note on Attitudes to Work and Marriage of 600 Adolescent Girls',
British Journal of Sociology,
12:2, 1961, pp. 176–83, on a study carried out by Thelma Veness.

64
Joseph, ‘A Research Note', p. 182.

65
Statistical Evidence submitted to the Committee on Age of Majority (Latey Committee), 1967, in National Archives, RG 48/3089, Grebenik, E., and Rowntree, G., ‘Factors Associated with the Age of Marriage in Great Britain',
Proceedings of the Royal Society,
1963, vol. 159, pp. 178–202. See also Dyhouse,
Students
, pp. 92–4.

66
Ollerenshaw, K.,
Education for Girls
, London: Faber and Faber, 1961, p. 38.

67
See, for instance, Evans, M.,
A Good School: Life at a Girls' Grammar School in the 1950s
, London: Women's Press 1991; Ingham, M.,
Now We Are Thirty: Women of the Breakthrough Generation
, London: Eyre Methuen, 1981.

68
Nabokov, V.,
Lolita
, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1958.

69
Some representations were by women writers. See, for instance, Taylor, M.,
The Nymphet,
London: New English Library, 1970.

70
The fashion writer Alison Settle complained about what she called ‘The Frightening Passion for Childhood's Look'; see her Viewpoint in the
Observer
, 2 February 1958: newspaper cuttings collection in Alison Settle Archive, University of Brighton. See also Dyhouse,
Glamour
,
Chapter 4
.

71
De Beauvoir, S.,
Brigitte Bardot and the Lolita Syndrome
(trans. Bernard Fretchman), London: New English Library, 1962.

72
Newsom, J.,
The Education of Girls
, London: Faber and Faber, 1948.

73
Ibid., pp. 82, 109, 112–13.

74
Report of Central Advisory Council for Education,
Fifteen to
Eighteen
, London: HMSO, 1959, pp. 32, 34.

75
Report of Central Advisory Council for Education,
Half Our Future
, London: HMSO 1963, pp. 135–6.

76
This was sometimes related to social class, and the supposition that middle-class girls would be able to pay someone else to do the housework. But the ‘domestication' of the curriculum was also opposed on feminist grounds. See Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England
, p. 164ff.

77
Greer, G.,
The Female Eunuch
, London: Paladin, 1971, p. 92.

78
Brown, C.,
Lost Girls,
London and Southampton: Camelot Press, 1955, p. 65.

79
Tennant, E.,
Girlitude; A Portrait of the 1950s and 1960s
, London: Cape, 1999, p. 123.

80
Tweedie, J.,
Eating Children
, London: Viking, 1993, p. 122.

81
Ibid., p. 127.

82
Barber, L.,
An Education
, London: Penguin, 2009.

83
Ibid., p. 47.

84
Tweedie,
Eating Children
, p. 153.

85
Miller, J.,
Relations
, London: Cape, 2003, p. 80.

86
Ibid., p. 82.

87
Duffy, M.,
That's How It Was
, London: Virago, 1983, p. ix.

88
Sage, L.,
Bad Blood
, London: Fourth Estate, 2000.

89
Ibid., p. 172.

90
Ibid., p. 195.

91
Ibid.
,
p. 234.

92
Forster, M.,
Dames' Delight,
London: Jonathan Cape, 1964.

93
Newman, A.,
A Share of the World,
London: Bodley Head, 1964.

94
Delaney, S.,
A Taste of Honey,
London: Eyre Methuen, 1959.

95
Banks, Lynne Reid,
The L-Shaped Room
, London: Chatto and Windus, 1960.

5 Coming of age

1
www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1022053/index.html
.

2
www.imdb.com/title/tt0047841/
.

3
www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/482602/index.html
.

4
www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__8033_path__0p224p1363p.aspx
; see also
www.bygones.org.uk/page_id__223_path__0p2p13p.aspx
; ‘The Blue Gardenia Murder, 1961' in D'Enno, D.,
Foul Deeds and Suspicious Deaths Around Brighton,
Barnsley: Wharnecliffe Books, 2004.

5
See Jackson, Louise A., ‘“The Coffee Club Menace”, Policing Youth, Leisure and Sexuality in Post War Manchester',
Cultural and Social History,
5:3, 2008, pp. 289–308; Osgerby, B., ‘“The Sexpresso Kids”: Coffee Bars and Teenage Culture in Britain, 1945–70', paper given at the 37th Annual Conference of the Social History Society, at the University of Brighton, 3–5 April 2012.

6
Press cuttings and reports in Edith Ramsay Collection, Tower Hamlets Local History Library, File P/RAM/2/1/2.

7
Hansard, Debate over Magistrates' Powers and Control of Clubs in House of Lords, 1 June 1960, vol. 224, para. 231.
http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1960/jun/01/magistrates-powers-and-control-of-clubs
(Lord Stonham's speech).

8
Tarr, Carrie T., ‘“Sapphire”, “Darling” and the Boundaries of Permitted Pleasure',
Screen,
26:1, 1985, pp. 50–65; Hill, J., ‘The British “Social Problem” Film: “Violent Playground”
and “Sapphire”',
Screen,
26:1, 1985, pp. 34–48;
www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/440288/index.html
.

9
For Ramsay see Sokoloff, B.,
Edith and Stepney: The Life of Edith Ramsay
, London: Stepney Books, 1987.

10
Ibid., p. 138; see also P/RAM/2/1 in Tower Hamlets Local History Library.

11
P/RAM/2/1/5 and P/RAM/2/2/14, Tower Hamlets Local History Library.

12
‘Confidential Report of Investigation into Conditions of the Coloured Population in a Stepney Area', produced by a local committee chaired by Revd St John Groser, Rector of St George's, Stepney, 1944. Investigator Phyllis Young, in Tower Hamlets Local History Library, P/RAM/2/1/2P/RAM/2/1/2.

13
Williamson, Revd J., letter to LCC, 20.1.1960, in P/RAM/2/1.

14
P/RAM/2/4/2. (Notes on Prostitution in Stepney). ‘Homo-Sexuals, known locally as “Pouffes”: People claim to distinguish between “common pouffes”, who are East Enders, and “Select pouffes”, said to come from Chelsea. Long hair, blue boots, clearly abnormal. Why are they there and what do they do? I have no idea, except that they add to the prevailing sense of evil.'

15
Note dated 1.5.1960, in P/RAM/2/1.

16
P/RAM/2/1; P/RAM/2/1/10.

17
Hansard, Debate over Magistrates' Powers and Control of Clubs in House of Lords, 1 June 1960, vol. 224, para 231. See note 7.

18
Ibid., Baroness Ravensdale of Kedleston speech, para. 241.

19
Ibid., para. 242.

20
Ibid.
,
para. 244.

21
Ibid.
,
para. 242–3
.

22
Ibid.

23
Ibid., Speech by Lord Bishop of Carlisle, para. 265.

24
See cuttings in P/RAM/2/1/2.w.

25
See Self, Helen J.,
Prostitution, Women, and the Misuse of the Law: The Fallen Daughters of Eve,
London: Frank Cass, 2003; Slater, S. A., ‘Containment: Managing Street Prostitution in London, 1918–1959',
Journal of British Studies
, 49:2, 2010, pp. 332–57.

26
P/RAM/2/1/7, Tower Hamlets Local History Library.

27
Ibid., Edith Ramsay suggested that earnings could range from £30 to £175 per week.

28
Mort, F.,
Capital Affairs: London and the Making of the Permissive Society
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. See
Chapter 7
on the Profumo Affair. Denning, A. T.,
The Scandal of Christine Keeler and John Profumo,
Lord Denning's Report, 1963
,
London: Tim Coates, 2003.

29
Press coverage was too extensive for detailed footnotes but see, for instance, ‘Last Act in the “Saga” of Christine Keeler: In the World of the Rich and Famous',
Daily Mirror
, 7 December 1963, pp. 6–7.

30
Rice-Davies, M.,
The Mandy Report
, London: Confidential Publications, n.d.

31
Mort,
Capital Affairs
, p. 314.

32
Rice-Davies,
The Mandy Report
, n.p.

33
Mort,
Capital Affairs,
p. 314.

34
Sunday Mirror
, 4 August 1963, pp. 14–15.

35
Proops, M., ‘Naughty Girls Don't Show a Profit',
Daily Mirror
, 8 May 1963, pp. 8–9.

36
Jackson, Louise A, ‘“The Coffee Club Menace”', pp. 289–308.

37
Ibid., p. 298.

38
Ibid.

39
See, for instance,
www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/
.

40
Hansard, Debate over Magistrates' Powers and Control of Clubs in House of Lords, 1 June 1960, vol. 224, quoted in Lord Stonham's speech.

41
Horn, A. M.,
Juke Box Britain: Americanisation and Youth Culture, 1945–1960,
Manchester University Press, 2009.

42
Sage,
Bad Blood
, p. 174.

43
Ibid., p. 193.

44
www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/439003/index.html
.

45
Jackson, B.,
Working Class Community,
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968; see chapter ‘School Ends', esp. p. 142.

46
www.britishpathe.com/video/beatnik-beauty-aka-beautiful-beatnik/query/Beatnik+Beauty
,

‘Beatnik Beauty', 1963.

47
Rowbotham, S.,
Promise of a Dream
, London: Allen Lane, 2000, p. 86.

48
Laurie, P.,
The Teenage Revolution
, London: Anthony Blond, 1965, p. 151.

49
Ibid., p. 7.