Girl Trouble (34 page)

55
(Anon.),
The Dangers of False Prudery, by the Author of ‘The White Slave Trade': A Book for Parents
, London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1912.

56
See Bristow,
Vice and Vigilance,
and Bland,
Banishing the Beast
; also Hunt, A.,
Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation,
Cambridge University Press, 1999.

57
For William Alexander Coote see entry in
Dictionary of National Biography.
See also Coote, W. A.,
A Romance of Philosophy,
London: National Vigilance Association, 1916;
A Vision and Its Fulfilment,
London: National Vigilance Association, 1910;
The White Slave Traffic,
London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1916.

58
For the Contagious Diseases Acts see Walkowitz, J. R.,
Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class and the State,
Cambridge University Press, 1980.

59
Morgan, S.,
A Passion for Purity: Ellice Hopkins and the Politics of Gender in the Late Victorian Church,
University of Bristol Press, 1999, and the same author's ‘“Wild Oats or Acorns?” Social Purity, Sexual Politics and the Response of the Late-Victorian Church',
Journal of Religious History,
31:2, June 2007.

60
See reports of MABYS (1877–1880; 1881–1883; 1884–1886) in the British Library, which also has Reports of the Moral Reform Union, 1882–1897; Higson, J. E.,
Women and Social Purity,
London: SPCK, 1918.

61
Money, Agnes L.,
A History of the Girls' Friendly Society,
London: Gardner, 1897 (revised edition 1911); Heath-Stubbs, M.,
Friendship's Highway: Being a History of the Girls' Friendly Society, 1875–1925
, London: GFS Central Office, 1926; Harrison, B., ‘For Church, Queen and Family: The Girls' Friendly Society 1874–1920,
Past and Present,
61:1, 1973, pp. 107–38. See also the Women's Library online exhibition ‘Bear Ye One Another's Burdens' by Vivienne Richmond at
www.londonmet.ac.uk
.

62
Richmond, V., ‘“It Is Not a Society for Human Beings but for Virgins”: The Girls' Friendly Society Membership Eligibility Dispute 1875–1936',
Journal of Historical Sociology,
20:3, 2007, pp. 304–27.

63
Harrison, ‘For Church, Queen and Family', p. 109.

64
Heath-Stubbs,
Friendship's Highway
, p. 50.

65
Ibid., pp. 51–3.

66
Miss Nunneley, ‘Snowdrop Bands', in
Women Workers, Papers read at a Conference convened by the Birmingham Ladies' Union of Workers among Women and Girls in November 1890,
Birmingham: 1890. See also issues of
The Snowdrop
, ‘Official organ of Snowdrop and White Ribbon bands', issues for 1912 in the British Library.

67
Ibid.

68
Ruskin, J.,
Sesame and Lilies,
London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1865.

69
See for instance Krugovoy Silver, A.,
Victorian Literature and the Anorexic Body,
Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 63–4.

70
On Ruskin generally see Batchelor, J.,
John Ruskin: No Wealth but Life,
London: Chatto and Windus, 2000; on beauty queens see Cole, M.,
Be Like Daisies: John Ruskin and the Cult of Beauty at Whitelands College
, St Albans: Brentham Press, 1992. Roehampton University has the archives of Whitelands College, including papers relating to the connection with John Ruskin, 1864–1978, and material relating to the annual May Day ceremonies, 1881–2001. The dresses, ornaments and bouquets of the May Queens have been preserved in the collection.

71
There was also a flourishing trade in primers for the guidance of schools when using Ruskin's texts, such as
Sesame and Lilies.
See, for instance, Modlen, W.,
Notes for the Use of Schools on Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies,
Huntingdon: K. Modlen, 1912.

72
Mrs Parker,
A Year's Work
amongst Factory Girls,
London: GFS and Hatchards' Piccadilly, 1884, p. 11.

73
Report of the Social Purity Alliance for 1887–1888, Westminster: 1888, p. 14.

74
Heath-Stubbs,
Friendship's Highway
, pp. 111–12.

75
Girls' Statement Books from 1880s, in Archives, Salvation Army Heritage Centre.

76
Richmond, ‘“It Is Not a Society for Human Beings but for Virgins”'.

77
File relating to Dronfield Sex Education case in the National Archives, ED 50/185. The case is discussed in Mort, F.,
Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830
, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987, p. 121ff.

78
Salvation Army Girls' Statement Books, Archives, Salvation Army Heritage Centre.

79
Royden, A. Maude (ed.),
Downward Paths: An Inquiry into the Causes Which Contribute to the Making of the Prostitute,
London: G. Bell and Sons, 1916.

80
Ibid., Introduction, p. xii.

81
Ibid., p. 49.

82
Ibid., p. 50.

83
Ibid., p. 54.

84
Ibid., pp. viii, 110–15.

85
Ibid., pp. 110, 114.

86
Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 10 June 1912, vol. 39, paras 574–5.

87
Terrot, C.,
Traffic in Innocents: The Shocking Facts about the Flesh Markets of Europe; A Story of Lust and Moral Depravity Unequalled in Civilized Times,
New York: Bantam/E. P. Dutton, 1961.

2 Unwomanly types

1
Ibsen's
A Doll's House
was performed at the Novelty Theatre in London in 1889 with Janet Achurch as Nora. It aroused a storm of public controversy. Walter Besant, who had already revealed a deep-rooted antipathy to feminism in his satirical novel
The Revolt of Man
(1882), wrote a short story entitled ‘The Dolls' House – and After'
,
which appeared in the
English Illustrated Magazine
in January 1890. This cautionary tale catalogued the disasters which Besant imagined that Nora's desertion would have perpetrated on her family; her husband driven to drink, her son to forgery, her daughter to suicide. A spate of alternative endings and sequels to the play followed, with G. B. Shaw, Israel Zangwill and Eleanor Marx defending Ibsen's viewpoint. See Shaw, G. B., ‘Still After the Doll's House',
Time,
February 1890, and Marx, E., and Zangwill, I., ‘A Doll's House Repaired',
Time
, March 1891.

2
Crackenthorpe, B. A., ‘The Revolt of the Daughters',
Nineteenth Century
, 35, January 1894, pp. 23–31.

3
Jeune, M., ‘The Revolt of the Daughters',
Fortnightly Review
, 55, February 1894, pp. 267–76.

4
Pearsall Smith, Alys W., ‘A Reply from the Daughters',
Nineteenth Century
, 35, March 1894, pp. 443–50.

5
Hemery, G., ‘The Revolt of the Daughters: An Answer – by One of Them',
Westminster Review,
141, June 1894, pp. 679–81.

6
Amos, Sarah M., ‘The Evolution of the Daughters',
Contemporary Review
, 65, April 1894, pp. 515–20.

7
Nightingale, F., ‘Cassandra'
,
printed as an appendix to Strachey, R.,
The Cause: A Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain
, Bath: Cedric Chivers, 1974, p. 402.

8
Strachey,
The Cause
, pp. 14, 44.

9
See Dyhouse, C.,
Girls Growing
Up In Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain,
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981.

10
There is a useful exploration of the governess in Hughes, K.,
The Victorian Governess,
London: Hambledon Press, 1993.

11
The best treatment is probably still Stephen, B.,
Emily Davies and Girton College,
London: Constable, 1927. See also Sara Delamont's entry for Emily Davies in the
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, and references.

12
Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
,
Chapter 2
. See also Dyhouse, C., ‘Miss Buss and Miss Beale: Gender and Authority in the History of Education', in Hunt, F. (ed.),
Lessons for Life: The Schooling of Girls and Women, 1850–1950,
Oxford: Blackwell, 1987, pp. 22–39.

13
Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
; on the GPDS (later GDS) see Kamm, J.,
Indicative Past: 100 Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust,
London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.

14
See McWilliams Tullberg, R.,
Women at Cambridge,
London: Gollancz, 1975 (revised edition published by Cambridge University Press, 1998); Dyhouse, C.,
No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities 1870–1939
, London: UCL Press, 1995.

15
Dyhouse,
No Distinction of Sex?
pp. 91–125.

16
‘Honour to Agnata Frances Ramsay',
Punch
, 2 July 1887.

17
On women students and college rooms see Hamlett, J., ‘“Nicely Feminine, yet Learned”: Student Rooms at Royal Holloway and the Oxbridge Colleges in Late Nineteenth-century Britain',
Women's History Review
, 15:1, 2006, pp. 137–61.

18
Dyhouse,
No Distinction of Sex?

19
On Sophie Bryant see Sheila Fletcher's entry in the
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, also Drummond, I. M. (ed.),
Sophie Bryant, DSc, Litt D, 1850–1922,
London: private publication.

20
‘George Egerton' (Mrs Mary Chavelita Dunne),
Keynotes,
London: Elkin Mathews and John Lane, 1893.

21
‘Borgia Smudgiton', with ‘Japanese Fan-de-Siècle illustrations by Mortarthurio Whiskersly' in
Punch,
106, 10 March 1894; Part II, 106, 17 March 1894. See the discussion of the ways in which the New Woman was parodied as a symbol of disorder in Richardson, A.,
The New Woman in Fiction and in Fact: Fin-de-Siècle Feminisms
, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, especially the Introduction.

22
Grant Allen,
The Woman Who Did
, London: John Lane, 1895.

23
Fawcett, M. Garrett, ‘The Woman Who Did',
Contemporary Review,
vol. LXVII, 1895, pp. 625–31.

24
See, for instance, Victoria Crosse,
The Woman Who Didn't,
London: Roberts Bros, Boston: John Lane, 1895; ‘Lucas Cleeve' (Adelina Kingscote),
The Woman Who Wouldn't,
London: Simpkin Marshall and Co., 1895.

25
See, for instance, Stutfield, Hugh E. M., ‘Tommyrotics',
Blackwoods Magazine
, June 1895, and ‘The Psychology of Feminism',
Blackwoods Magazine,
January 1897.

26
The Rational Dress Society, founded in London in 1881, argued for bloomers and bifurcated garments that came into their own when cycling rose in popularity in the 1890s. See Cunningham, Patricia A.,
Reforming Women's Fashion 1850–1920: Politics, Health and Art,
Kent State University Press, 2003; Marks, P.,
Bicycles, Bangs and Bloomers: The New Woman in the Popular Press
, Lexington: Kentucky University Press, 1990.

27
Glendinning, V.,
A Suppressed Cry: Life and Death of a Quaker Daughter,
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969, p. 71; Marshall, M. Paley,
What I Remember,
Cambridge University Press, 1947, p. 20.

28
Glendinning,
A Suppressed Cry
, p. 73.

29
From Lennox, G. R.,
Echoes from the Hills
, Devon: Arthur H. Stockwell, 1978, p. 24.

30
Delamont, S., ‘The Contradictions in Ladies' Education', in Delamont, S., and Duffin, L. (eds),
The Nineteenth Century Woman: Her Cultural and Physical World,
London: Croom Helm, 1978, p. 146; see also Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
, p. 68.

31
The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff
, translated, with an introduction, by Mathilde Blind, London: Cassell and Co., 1890.

32
Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff
, Virago Press edition, 1985, offset from 1891 edition, introduced by Rozsika Parker and Griselda Pollock, p. 133.

33
Stead, W. T., ‘The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff: The Story of a Girl's Life',
Review of Reviews,
June 1890, pp. 539–49.

34
Ibid., p. 549.

35
Shaw, G. B., ‘The Womanly Woman', in
The Quintessence of Ibsenism
, London: 1891.

36
Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff
, p. 290.

37
The issue of femininity as performance was explored fully a century later by Judith Butler in her (now) classic analysis
Gender Trouble
, New York and London: Routledge, 1990.

38
Spencer, H.,
Principles of Biology,
London: Williams and Norgate, 1867, vol. II, pp. 485–6.

39
Clarke, Edward H.,
Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for Girls,
Boston, MA: James R. Osgood, 1875. Project Gutenberg eBook, p. 9.

40
Maudsley, H., ‘Sex in Mind and in Education',
Fortnightly Review,
new series, 15, 1874, pp. 466–83.

41
Ibid., p. 468.

42
Ibid., p. 477.

43
See Presidential Address by Dr Withers Moore, annual meeting of the British Medical Association in Brighton, 1886, reported in
British Medical Journal,
14 August 1886, pp. 338–9. For more discussion see Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
, pp. 151–9. See also Burstyn, J. N., ‘Education and Sex: The Medical Case Against Higher Education for Women in England, 1870–1900,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
117:2, April 1973, pp. 79–89.