George F. Kennan: An American Life (134 page)

51
L. W. Fuller to Nitze, September 23, 1952,
ibid.,
Box 608, “123 Kennan” folder; C. L. Sulzberger Diary, April 1, 1954, in Sulzberger,
Long Row of Candles
, p. 987. See also, for the origins of the chiefs of mission meeting,
FRUS: 1952–54,
VI, 636–43, and “U.S. Envoys to Confer,”
New York Times,
September 19, 1952.

52
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 153–57; GFK to Rebecca Matlock, October 29, 1987, GFK Papers, 27:18; Bullitt to State Department, March 4, 1936, in
FRUS: The Soviet Union, 1933–1939,
pp. 289–91. See also, for the technology of the bug, Wallace and Melton,
Spycraft
, pp. 162–65. For more on the Brown dispatches, see Chapter Five, above.

53
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 157–58.

54
Salisbury,
Journey for Our Times,
p. 414. Salisbury’s cautious account of this conversation, passed through Soviet censors, appeared the next day as “GFK Sees View on Soviet Correct,”
New York Times,
September 19, 1952.

55
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 156–59; GFK notebook, GFK Papers, 232:3; Jack Raymond, “GFK Describes Isolation in Soviet,”
New York Times
, September 20, 1952.

56
Cumming interview, pp. 17–19.

57
GFK Diary, September 29, 1952. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 161–62, and, for the minutes of the chiefs of mission meeting,
FRUS: 1952–54
, VI, 643–65.

58
The
Pravda
statement appeared in the September 27 issue of
The New York Times.
Molotov, in prepublication editing, dropped a reference to the “X” article, “a vileful pasquinade against the Soviet Union” that Kennan had published “hiding under [an] alias.” The draft is in the Russian Federation Foreign Policy Archive, Fond 3, Opis 66, Delo 279, List 46.

59
GFK to Acheson, September 26, 1952, in
FRUS: 1952–54
, 1048–51.

60
GFK to ASK, September 27, 1952, Department of State, Record Group 84, Moscow 1950–54, Box 167, “123 Kennan—personal” folder; Acheson press conference, September 26, 1952, in
FRUS: 1952–54
, VIII, 1048n; “Kennan to Return to Post,”
New York Times,
September 30, 1952.

61
GFK Diary, September 29, 1952. For the communication to McSweeney, see
FRUS: 1952–54,
VIII, 1053.

62
JKH to GFK and ASK, September 28, 1952, JEK Papers; Acheson,
Present at the Creation,
p. 697.

63
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 164; GFK notebook, GFK Papers, 232:3. The passage is from
Henry VIII,
Act III, Scene 2.

64
ASK interview, September 8, 1983, pp. 6–8; ASK to JKH, September 19, 1952, JEK Papers.

65
ASK interview, September 8, 1983, pp. 8–9.

66
O’Shaughnessy to State Department, in
FRUS: 1952–54
, VIII, 1052–53n; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 165.

67
GFK to Gufler, October 27, 1952, GFK Papers, 139:4; Cloyce K. Huston to State Department, October 27, 1952, DSR-DF 1950–54, Box 608, “123 Kennan” folder.

68
H. T. Morgan minute, October 9, 1952, British Foreign Office Records, FO 371/100836/NS 10345/28; Sulzberger Diary, October 24, 1952, in Sulzberger,
Long Row of Candles
, p. 784. See also Bohlen,
Witness to History
, p. 312.

69
Davies interview by Jessup.

70
Marshall’s account is in “Memorandum for the File,” July 9, 1981, Nitze Papers, 29:5.

71
GFK to Nitze, July 26, 1952, GFK Papers, 139:4; GFK to Bohlen, October 7, 1952, Bohlen to GFK, October 8, 1952, DSR-DF 1950–54, Box 608, “123 Kennan” folder; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 168.

72
J. H. A. Watson report, October 9, 1952, enclosed in Christopher Steel to Paul Mason, same date, British Foreign Office Records, FO 371/100836/NS 10345/33.

73
Bohlen interview by Wright, p. 12; Bohlen to Livingston Merchant, August 23, 1955, Bohlen Papers, Box 36, “Correspondence—Special, George Kennan, 1951–70,” Library of Congress. See also Bohlen,
Witness to History
, p. 312.

74
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 165–67.

75
Ibid.,
p. 168; “GFK Returns, Silent on Moscow Ban,”
New York Herald Tribune,
November 12, 1952; “GFK Returns to See Acheson,”
New York Times,
November 12, 1952.

76
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 170; JKH to KWK, December 2, 1952, JEK Papers.

77
GFK Diary, March 13, 1953; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 170; GFK National War College lecture, “Tasks Ahead in U.S. Foreign Policy,” December 18, 1952, GFK Papers, 300:21.

78
ASK to Frieda Por, December 28, 1952, JEK Papers; GFK to KWK, December 25, 1952,
ibid.
; ASK interview, September 8, 1983, p. 11.

1
GFK to KWK, December 25, 1952, JEK Papers.

2
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 170–71; GFK Diary, July 17, 31, 1950; “Dulles Says U.N. Being Slighted,”
New York Times,
September 27, 1952; Dulles to Lewis W. Douglas, September 29, 1952, Box 59, “Douglas” folder, Dulles Papers. See also Dulles, “Policy of Boldness”; Dulles to the editors of
Commonweal,
September 5, 1952, Dulles Papers, Box 59, “Containment” folder; and, for GFK’s differences with Dulles during the Korean War, Chapter Sixteen, above.

3
Dulles to GFK, October 2, 1952, GFK to Dulles, October 22, 1952, Dulles to GFK, October 29, 1952, Dulles Papers, Box 61, “Kennan” folder.

4
See, on this issue, GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 97–102.

5
Ibid.,
pp. 170–71; GFK Diary, March 13, 1953. For Marshall’s recollection, see Chapter Eighteen, above.

6
GFK to David Bruce, December 11, 1952, GFK Papers, 139:4; GFK Diary, March 13, 1953; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 171; Bohlen,
Witness to History
, p. 310.

7
Kuhn, “Dulles Policy ‘Dangerous,’ Kennan Says,”
Washington Post,
January 17, 1953; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 174–75; GFK to Matthews, January 18, 1953, copy in GFK Diary, March 13, 1953. The Scranton speech is in GFK Papers, 252:10.

8
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 175–76; State Department press conference transcript, January 23, 1953, GFK Papers, Box 252:10; GFK to Jacob Beam, January 25, 1953,
ibid.,
4:11 GFK to John McSweeney, February 11, 1953,
ibid.,
139:1–3.

9
ASK to JKH, January 19, 1953, JKH to GFK and ASK, January 19, 1953; GFK to ASK, February 3, 1953, all in JEK Papers.

10
GFK Diary, March 13, 1953; William H. Lawrence, “Dulles Expected to Retire Kennan, Considered Top Expert on Soviet,”
New York Times,
March 13, 1953.

11
GFK to Oppenheimer, March 15, 1953, Oppenheimer Papers, Box 43; GFK interview, August 26, 1982, pp. 12–13; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 176–77, 180. The latter page misdates the meeting as March 14. See also GFK’s retrospective diary account, dated April 6, 1953.

12
Robert J. Ryan memorandum on GFK’s retirement, June 17, 1953, DSR-DF 1950–54, Box 608, “123 Kennan” folder; GFK to Acheson, April 28, 1953, Acheson Papers, 17:222, Yale University; GFK Diary, July 29, 1953; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 178, 181, 187–89. GFK mistakenly gives the month here as June.

13
Joseph Alsop and Stewart Alsop, “Kennan’s Insight Will Be Missed,”
Washington Post,
April 12, 1953; “Who’s On Second?”
Chicago Sun-Times,
April 15, 1953. For the Bohlen controversy, see his
Witness to History
, pp. 309–36; and Ruddy,
Cautious Diplomat
, pp. 109–24. Ferguson’s comment is in GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 180–81; see also the GFK Diary, April 6, 1953.

14
Eisenhower to Walter Mallory, March 4, 1950, and to GFK, November 3 and December 12, 1950, in Chandler et al.,
Eisenhower Papers
, XI, 1000, 1403–4, 1474; also the transcript of GFK’s Air War College lecture, April 10, 1947, GFK Papers, 298:32; GFK to George S. Franklin, February 2, 1949,
ibid.
; and GFK to Acheson, November 24, 1950, Acheson Papers, Box 32, Truman Library.

15
GFK interview, August 26, 1982, pp. 12–13.

16
Bowie interview, December 10, 1987, pp. 1–4, 8–9, 15; Berlin interview, pp. 11, 17; William P. Bundy interview, December 6, 1987, p. 7.

17
Hughes to Adams, July 2, 1953, Eisenhower to GFK, July 8, 1953, GFK to Eisenhower, July 24, 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers, White House Central File: Subject Series, Confidential File, Box 67, Department of State Folder 9 (courtesy of Melvyn P. Leffler). See also Hughes,
Ordeal of Power,
p. 120n. For the origins of Project Solarium, see Bowie and Immerman,
Waging Peace,
pp. 123–27.

18
GFK comments at the Princeton University John Foster Dulles Centennial Conference, February 27, 1988, in Pickett,
Kennan and the Origins of Eisenhower’s New Look
, pp. 17–19. See also GFK Diary, June 1, 1953.

19
“A Report to the National Security Council by Task Force ‘A’ of Project Solarium,” July 16, 1953, pp. 13–14, 18, 22, 24, 57, Eisenhower Papers, NSC Series, Subject Subseries, Records of the White House Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs.

20
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 182; GFK comments at Dulles conference, February 27, 1988, in Pickett,
Kennan and the Origins of Eisenhower’s New Look
, pp. 19–20.

21
For an extended comparison of GFK’s thinking with that of Eisenhower and Dulles, see Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment,
pp. 125–96; also Immerman,
Dulles and Diplomacy of the Cold War,
p. 263.

22
Oppenheimer to GFK, October 6, 1952, GFK to Oppenheimer (telegram and letter), October 14, 1952, Oppenheimer to GFK, March 13, 1953, Oppenheimer Papers, Box 43.

23
GFK to Harry D. Gideonse, May 5, 1953, GFK Papers, 139:1–3; GFK to Harold Dodds, May 1, 1953, GFK Papers, 11:10; GFK Diary, April 6, 28, and June 1, 1953.

24
GFK to Dodds, May 1, 1953, GFK Papers, 11:10.

25
GFK, “Training for Statesmanship,”
Atlantic Monthly
191 (May 1953), 40–43; GFK Notre Dame speech, May 15, 1953, GFK Papers, 252:13. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 224–26; and, for press coverage, “Kennan Upbraids Anti-Red Zealots,”
New York Times,
May 16, 1953. For the social scientists’ skepticism about GFK, see Engerman,
Know Your Enemy
, p. 3.

26
GFK address at the Joint Memorial Celebration of the Emmanuel Evangelical-Reformed and the St. John Lutheran Churches of Hampton, Reading Township, Adams County, May 27, 1953, GFK Papers, 300:24. I have compressed this talk to convey its structure within limited space.

27
GFK Diary, August 18, 1953. GFK’s SAIS seminar outlines are in GFK Papers, 300:27.

28
GFK Diary August 18, 20, 31, 1953. GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 4–5, 187–89, confuses the dates of these episodes, an error repeated in
Sketches from a Life,
pp. 158–60.

29
GFK Diary, August 21, 1953. Kennan had obviously read Reinhold Niebuhr by this time, probably
Moral Man and Immoral Society.

30
GFK address, “Basic Problems in the American Approach to Foreign Policy,” Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, October 5, 1953, GFK Papers, 300:28.

31
GFK Laymen’s Sunday sermon, First Presbyterian Church, Princeton, N.J., October 18, 1953,
ibid.,
253:7.

32
GFK Diary, October 28 and November 9, 1953, GFK Papers.

33
GFK address to Student Christian Association conference, Princeton University, December 6, 1953,
ibid.,
253:11.

34
GFK,
Realities of American Foreign Policy,
p. vii.

35
Ibid.,
especially pp. 29–30, 53, 84–85, 93–94, 102, 111–12, 118–19. GFK first used this horticultural metaphor, as noted in Chapter Five, above, in 1935. It’s strikingly similar to one his fellow farmer Acheson frequently employed. See Beisner,
Dean Acheson
, p. 92
.

36
GFK draft letter to Herbert Brownell, September 6, 1953, GFK Papers, 139:1–3; GFK notes on conversation with Robert Murphy, November 25, 1953,
ibid.,
253:12; Davies interview, December 8, 1982, p. 14. See also GFK’s extended account in his
Memoirs,
II, 200–214.

37
Ibid.,
pp. 214–18, 228. The Oppenheimer case and the long series of events that led up to it are discussed thoroughly in Bird and Sherwin,
American Prometheus
, and in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb.

38
D. M. Ladd to Hoover, March 28, 1951; Ladd to A. H. Belmont, April 2, 1952; GFK to Hoover, October 20, 1953; Hoover to GFK, October 22, 1953, all in GFK’s FBI file, 62-81548, GFK Papers, 181:3–6. The extensive but heavily sanitized exchanges on disloyalty allegations are also in this file.

39
See GFK’s testimony on April 20, 1954, in U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 354–55, 364; also his Woodrow Wilson School address of October 5, 1953, GFK Papers, 300:28.

40
GFK handwritten remarks, February 11, 1954, GFK Papers, 300:33.

41
“Kennan Will Run for House Seat,”
New York Times,
March 14, 1954. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 77–78; and GFK interview, September 8, 1983, p. 15.

42
Ibid.,
pp. 16–17; GFK to Wasson, March 23, 1954, GFK Papers, 51:2; Rusk interview, pp. 6–7; “Kennan Bows Out of Congress Race,”
New York Times,
March 18, 1954.