George F. Kennan: An American Life (135 page)

43
MacMurray to GFK, March 27, 1954, GFK Papers, 138:6–7; JKH interview, p. 27; GFK interview, September 8, 1983, p. 16; Black interview, p. 11; Dilworth interview, p. 7; Berlin interview, pp. 29–30.

44
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 356–57, 368–69.

45
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 21. See also Bird and Sherwin,
American Prometheus
, pp. 538–50.

46
GFK Diary, June 11–July 30, 1954. See also U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 369.

47
GFK Diary
,
July 8, 1954, January 3, 16, 1955.

48
GFK to KWK, December 25, 1953, JEK Papers.

49
GFK handwritten notes for National Archives talk, October 27, 1954, GFK Papers, 300:34. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 32–33; and Chapters Five and Six, above.

50
GFK Diary, December 30, 1954, January 8, 1956; GFK American Historical Association lecture, “The Experience of Writing History,” December 29, 1959, GFK Papers, 259:7, later published under the same title in the
Virginia Historical Review
36 (Spring, 1960), 205–14.

51
GFK Diary, August 20, 1956, GFK Papers, 233:4.

1
GFK Diary, December 29, 1954; Black interview, p. 3.

2
Dilworth interview, December 6, 1987, p. 10. For a useful analysis of Oppenheimer’s relations with his board and faculty, see Bird and Sherwin,
American Prometheus
, pp. 382–90; also Mark Wolverton,
Life in Twilight.

3
This paragraph relies on Oppenheimer’s summary of the two schools’ position for the Institute Board of Trustees meeting, November 15, 1955, Strauss Papers, IAS Files, Box 109. (This and the following citations from the Strauss Papers are courtesy of Craig Wright.)

4
The letters, written between March and October 1955, are in Von Neumann to Strauss, November 14, 1955, Strauss Papers, IAS Files, Box 109.

5
Minutes, Board of Trustees meeting, November 15, 1955,
ibid.
; Sidney A. Mitchell to Oppenheimer, June 6, 1956,
ibid.
; Erica Mosner, Institute for Advanced Study Archives, to JLG, November 9, 2010.

6
GFK Diary, January 30 and February 1, 1955; GFK interview by Labalme, August 30, 1989, p. 15; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 15.

7
Link interview, p. 2; Hessman interview, pp. 12–13; GFK interview, September 8, 1983, p. 9.

8
Link interview, p. 2; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 16–17. See also GFK to Kantorowicz, January 31, 1957, GFK Papers, 138:2.

9
GFK Diary, March 6 and 10, 1955; Harrison Salisbury, “When Russia’s Revolution Was Young,”
New York Times Book Review,
August 26, 1956
,
pp. 1, 18; GFK to Acheson, September 5, 1956, Acheson Papers, 17:222, Yale University.

10
Barghoorn in
Political Science Quarterly
72 (June 1957), 306–8; Perkins in
American Historical Review
62 (January 1957), 367–68; GFK to Butterfield, December 17, 1956, GFK Papers, 53; GFK,
Russia Leaves the War,
pp. 3, 29, 64.

11
Williams in
Wisconsin Magazine of History
40 (Winter 1956–57), 133. See also his
Tragedy of American Diplomacy
.

12
GFK remarks at National Book Award ceremony, March 12, 1957, GFK Papers, 301:9. The actual line, from
Henry V,
Act IV, Scene 1, is “That we should dress us fairly for our end.” See Chapter Eleven for another use of it.

13
GFK Diary, May 6 and 23, 1957; Link interview, September 8, 1983, p. 5.

14
GFK Diary, December 26, 1955, January 21, 1956.

15
Dilworth interview, pp. 1–2; GFK Diary, September 21, 23, 1956.

16
Ibid.,
January 3, 30, February 1, March 19, 23, 1955; Dilworth interview, p. 8.

17
GFK Diary, March 15, 20, 25, 1955.

18
Ibid.,
February 29, August 5, 1956.

19
Ibid.,
January 27, 1956; GFK to Stevenson, March 28, 1956, GFK Papers, 53; GFK address to the Princeton Stevenson for President Committee, April 30, 1956,
ibid.,
301:2. See also
New York Times,
January 31, 1956.

20
GFK speech to the Pittsburgh Foreign Policy Association, May 3, 1956, GFK Papers, 255:10; James Reston, “ ‘Style’ in Foreign Policy,” and Richard J. H. Johnson, “Old Pros Heading Stevenson Staff,” both in
New York Times,
May 7, 1956; Machrowicz to Stevenson, May 10, 1956, Stevenson to Machrowicz, May 26, 1956, both in “Stevenson Says Kennan Doesn’t Speak for Him,”
U.S. News & World Report
, June 29, 1956, p. 78. See also
New York Times,
June 9, 1956.

21
Sulzberger Diary, August 1, 1956, in Sulzberger,
Last of the Giants
, p. 309; GFK Diary, August 20, 23, 26, 1956.

22
William P. Bundy interview, pp. 15–16; GFK to Maury, April 12, 1954, GFK Papers, 138. GFK later described his post–State Department CIA connections in a letter to KWK, November 11, 1996,
ibid.,
24:8.

23
Grose,
Gentleman Spy
, pp. 424–26; Frank Wisner to Allen Dulles, May 8, 1956, and to Robert Murphy, July 4, 1956, in
FRUS: 1955–57,
XXIV, 96–98, 125–27; GFK handwritten “Comment,” undated, GFK Papers, 301:4.

24
Sulzberger Diary, August 1, 1956, in Sulzberger,
The Last of the Giants
, p. 315; GFK lecture at Johns Hopkins University, October 17, 1956, GFK Papers, 301:6.

25
GFK October 11, 1956, testimony, U. S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Foreign Policy and Mutual Security
, pp. 170–71; GFK Diary, October 22, 1956; William C. Bullitt, “What Should We Do About Russia?”
U.S. News & World Report
, June 29, 1956, p. 71. The Gibbon quotation is in
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, III, 49.

26
GFK to Brainard Cheney, October 29, 1956, GFK Papers, 138; Kennan-Maury telephone transcript, November 1, 1956, GFK Diary. For recent accounts of the Polish, Hungarian, and Suez crises, see the essays by Csaba Békés and Douglas Little in Leffler and Westad,
Cambridge History of the Cold War
.

27
GFK Diary, November 7 and 11, 1956.

28
GFK to Henderson, June 1, 1955, Henderson to GFK, June 18, 1955, Henderson Papers, Box 2, Folder “K”; GFK to Frank Aydelotte, February 24, 1955, Aydelotte to GFK, February 27, 1955, GFK Papers, 138:5. A brief history of the professorship and a list of its occupants appear in
American Oxonian
87 (Summer 2000), 88–89.

29
GFK to Kallin, June 29, 1957, GFK Papers, 54:3; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 230–31; GFK to KWK, July 20, 1957, JEK Papers.

30
GFK Diary, July 28 and August 28, 1957; GFK,
Russia, the Atom and the West,
p. vii.

31
GFK Diary, August 28, and September 7, 1957; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 232–33, 262–63; ASK to JKH, September 24, 1957, JEK Papers.

32
Berlin interview, p. 20; GFK interview by Labalme, February 27, 1990; GFK to Oppenheimer, October 24, 1957, Oppenheimer Papers, Box 43. See also, on Michaelmas influenza, Gaddis,
We Now Know
, p. vii.

33
Ullman interview, September 30, 1987, pp. 3–5, 8; GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 231–32; GFK interview, August 25, 1982, p. 2; Von Oppen interview, August 27, 1982, p. 1.

34
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 232–34; GFK interview, August 25, 1982, p. 2.

35
New York Times,
November 11, 18, 25, December 2, 16, 1957;
Washington Post,
December 2, 16, 1957.

36
GFK Reith Lecture on “The Military Problem,” December 2, 1957, in GFK,
Russia, the Atom and the West,
pp. 64–65.

37
Von Oppen interview, p. 2.

38
Dulles news conference, December 10, 1957, in
New York Times,
December 11, 1957.

39
C. Burke Elbrick memorandum, Eisenhower-Adenauer conversation, December 17, 1957, in
FRUS: 1955–57
, XXVI, 346–7.

40
Transcript, BBC symposium, December 20, 1957, GFK Papers, 257:7; GFK Diary, December 22, 1957. For Kennan’s earlier pronouncements on “trust,” see Chapter Eleven, above.

41
GFK Diary, December 28, 1957–January 5, 1958.

42
Acheson statement in
The New York Times,
January 12, 1958.

43
Schlesinger interview, December 17, 1983, p. 2; Christopher Emmet to Acheson, December 24, 1957, Acheson to Emmet, December 30, 1957, Acheson Papers, 9:123, Yale University. See also Thompson,
Hawk and the Dove
, p. 168, and, on the Council’s role, Brinkley,
Dean Acheson,
pp. 79–80.

44
“Kennan in the Cold,”
Washington Post,
January 14, 1958; Dulles to Acheson, January 13, 1958, Acheson Papers, 9:111, Yale University. See also
Washington Post,
January 13, 1958;
New York Times,
January 22, 1958; and Brinkley,
Dean Acheson,
pp. 83–84.

45
William Hard to Acheson, January 14, 1958, Anne Hard to Acheson, February 20, 1958, Acheson to Anne Hard, March 4, 1958, Acheson Papers, 15:192, Yale University.

46
GFK to Dorothy Hessman, copy to Oppenheimer, January 16, 1958, Oppenheimer Papers, Box 43; GFK Diary, January 12 and 21, 1958.

47
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 250–51; ASK to JKH, January 13, 1958, JEK Papers; GFK Diary, January 21, 1958. The transcript of the Congress for Cultural Freedom discussion, which took place on January 18, 1958, is
ibid.,
257:10. Paul Nitze later claimed, in a memorandum dictated in July 1982 (Nitze Papers, 29:5), in an interview with me on December 13, 1989, and in a subsequent book,
Tension Between Opposites
, p. 131, to have been asked by Acheson to meet Kennan in Geneva and seek a recantation. Kennan adamantly denied that any such meeting had taken place (GFK to JLG, October 1, 1993, JLG Papers), and his diary for this period, which is comprehensive, contains no mention of it.

48
GFK Diary, January 21–February 2, 1958; ASK to JKH, February 3, 1958, JEK Papers.

49
Ullman interview, pp. 6–7; Harsch to Acheson, January 28, 1958, Acheson to Harsch, February 4, 1958, Harsch to Acheson, February 12, 1958, Acheson Papers, 15:194, Yale University; Acheson to William Tyler, February 25, 1958,
ibid.,
31:404.

50
Tyler to Acheson, March 4, 1958,
ibid
.; Acheson to Jessup, March 25, 1958,
ibid
.
,
15:12.

51
Kennedy to GFK, February 13, 1958, GFK to Kennedy, February 19, 1958, John F. Kennedy Papers, PPP: Senate Files, Legislation Files 1958, Foreign Policy: General, Box 691.

52
Jacqueline Kennedy to Acheson, undated, Acheson to Jacqueline Kennedy, March 8, 1958, Acheson Papers, 18:223, Yale University; Acheson to Louis Halle, March 10, 1958,
ibid.,
15:189; Acheson to GFK, March 13, 1958,
ibid.,
17:222. See also McLellan and Acheson,
Among Friends
, p. 137n.

53
GFK to Acheson, March 20, 1958, Acheson Papers, 15:212, Yale University.

54
Acheson to Burlingham, March 25, 1958,
ibid.,
4:53.

55
Mary Bundy interview, pp. 5, 12; GFK interview, September 8, 1983, pp. 5–6; GFK,
Russia, the Atom and the West,
p. 86.

56
GFK,
Memoirs,
II, 253–54; GFK interview, September 4, 1984, p. 19.

57
Franks interview, p. 24.

58
ASK to JKH, February 3, 1958, JEK Papers; Von Oppen interview, p. 1; GFK Diary, February 2, 3, 1958; GFK to Kantorowicz, March 13, 1958, GFK Papers, 138:1.

59
GFK Diary, March 28, April 9, 10, 11, 1958.

60
Ibid.,
May 15, 1958; Holmes to R. A. D. Ford, May 30, 1958, Holmes Papers, D/II/3/a. I am indebted to Jack Cunningham for this reference.

61
GFK Diary, May 15, 1958. Kennan’s notes for this talk are in GFK Papers, 301:22.

62
GFK Diary, May 27, 1958. Kennan garbled Goethe somewhat. The original quotation, from Act II of
Faust,
is “Bedenkt; der Teufel der ist alt, / So werdet alt ihn zu verstehen!” And I have of course dramatized this diary entry slightly.

1
GFK Diary, June 21, 1958; GFK to KWK, July 19, 1958, JEK Papers.

2
GFK Diary, June 27–July 3, 1958.

3
Dulles to Andrew Goodpaster, August 3, 1958, Eisenhower Papers, Whitman DDE Diary, Box 22, “August 1958—Staff Notes (3)” folder. The memorandum is in
FRUS: 1958–60
, X, 129–33.

4
GFK Diary, July 25–August 2, 1958.

5
Ibid.,
August 5–September 10, 1958. The interview appeared in the
Harrisburg Patriot-News
on September 7, 1958.

6
“Minority Diplomat,”
New York Times,
November 18, 1957; “Newsman Fiance of Grace Kennan,”
ibid.,
January 5, 1958; ASK to JKH, January 13, 1958, JEK Papers; GFK Diary, May 27, 1958; ASK to Frieda Por, November 27, 1958, JEK Papers.

7
“Krisha” to JEK, undated, JEK Papers. Joan’s engagement announcement appeared in
The New York Times,
September 7, 1958.

8
“George F. Kennan Assays Quemoy: Sees ‘Excessive Commitment’ to Chiang’s ‘Fortunes,’ ”
New York Herald Tribune,
September 21, 1958; GFK “Points for
New Leader
Meeting,” September 25, 1958, GFK Papers, 301:23; GFK Diary, December 25, 1958, and March 29, 1959. GFK’s reading notes on Kissinger and Niebuhr are appended to his 1958 Diary.