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Abbasids,
7.1
,
7.2
,
8.1
,
12.1
,
aft.1
Abd al-Nasser, Gemal,
11.1
,
11.2
,
12.1
,
aft.1
Abraham,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
6.1
,
7.1
,
11.1
,
nts.1
—
1.1
Abrahamic faiths,
itr.1
,
8.1
;
see also
Christianity
;
Islam
;
Judaism
absolute monarchies
,
2.1
,
7.1
; Chinese,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
; European,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
10.1
; Muslim,
7.2
,
9.6
,
aft.1
; Persian,
6.1
,
7.3
absolutism,
7.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
; religious,
1.1
,
2.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
6.1
,
7.2
,
9.2
,
10.2
(
see also
fundamentalism); royal
,
see
absolute monarchies
Abu Ghraib prison,
13.1
,
nts.1
n79
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1
,
aft.1
Adalbéron, bishop of Laon
, n27
Afghanistan,
11.1
; al-Qaeda in,
13.1
; ancient,
1.1
,
1.2
,
2.1
,
4.1
; Arab Islamist supporters of,
see
Arab-Afghans
; Soviet invasion and occupation of,
13.2
,
13.3
; Taliban control of,
13.4
,
13.5
; United States war against,
13.6
Africa,
6.1
,
7.1
; Islam in,
13.1
; slave trade to Americas from,
9.1
,
10.1
,
aft.1
;
see also specific nations and regions
African Americans,
10.1
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
Agni (sacred fire),
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3
agrarian civilizations,
itr.1
,
1.1
;
see also specific empires, kingdoms, regions and states
ahadith
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
al-Hakim, Abu Ali Mansur Tariqu, Fatimid emperor
al-Harawi, Abu Said,
8.1
al-Omari, Abdul-Aziz,
13.1
,
13.2
al-Rashid, Harun, Abbasid emperor,
7.1
,
7.2
al-Sadiq, Jafar (sixth Shii Imam),
7.1
,
12.1
al-Shafii, Muhammad Idris,
7.1
,
12.1
,
13.1
Alexandria,
5.1
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
6.4
,
6.5
,
7.1
Ali (fourth caliph, first Shii Imam),
7.1
,
7.2
,
11.1
,
11.2
,
nts.1
n83
Allah (
Arabic:
“God”),
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
12.1
,
13.1
al-Qaeda,
13.1
,
13.2
,
13.3
,
13.4
,
13.5
,
13.6
,
13.7
AMAL (Battalions for Lebanese Resistance)
American Civil Liberties Union
American Revolution
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
10.3
,
10.4
,
11.1
,
aft.1
Americas
,
9.1
; discovery and colonization of,
9.2
,
9.3
;
see also specific colonies and colonizers
Anatolia,
1.1
,
1.2
,
4.1
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
11.1
; Mongol invasion of,
8.3
; in Ottoman Empire,
9.1
Angra Mainyu (Hostile Spirit),
1.1
,
4.1
Antioch,
5.1
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
; siege of,
8.3
,
8.4
Antiochus IV, Seleucid emperor
Antipas, Herod (son of Herod the Great),
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
anti-Semitism
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
10.1
Antonia fortress (Jerusalem),
5.1
,
5.2
Antony, Egyptian monk,
6.1
,
6.2
,
aft.1
Anu (Mesopotamian sky god),
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3
apocalyptic beliefs,
5.1
,
5.2
,
12.1
; Christian,
8.1
,
aft.1
; Zoroastrian,
1.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
5.3
Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem),
8.1
,
8.2
Arab-Afghans
,
13.1
,
13.2
,
aft.1
; in Bosnian War,
13.3
; return to Middle East of,
13.4
Arabs
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
12.1
,
nts.1
n69; in Afghan campaign against Soviet Union,
see
Arab-Afghans
; Israeli conflicts with,
11.1
,
11.2
,
11.3
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
12.4
; in Ottoman Empire,
9.1
; Palestinian,
see
Palestinians
Arad, ancient Canaanite fortress of
Archelaus (son of Herod the Great)
aristocracy
,
itr.1
,
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
; in Byzantine Empire,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
6.4
,
6.5
,
6.6
,
6.7
; Chinese,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
,
3.4
,
3.5
,
3.6
; in colonial America,
10.3
,
10.4
,
10.5
; during French Revolution,
10.6
,
10.7
,
10.8
; Indian,
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3
,
2.4
,
2.5
,
2.6
,
2.7
,
2.8
,
2.9
,
10.8
; Israelites and,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
; Mesopotamian,
1.4
,
1.5
,
1.6
; Muslims and,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
8.2
,
9.2
,
11.1
,
aft.1
; in
Persian Empire,
1.7
,
4.5
,
4.6
,
6.8
,
6.9
,
7.4
; and rise of capitalism,
7.5
,
9.3
; of Roman Catholic Church,
8.3
,
8.4
; in Roman Empire,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
5.4
,
5.5
,
8.5
; during Wars of Religion,
9.4
,
9.5