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Hilary of Poitiers: Conflicts of Conscience and Law in the Fourth Century.
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The
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Cambridge, UK, 1989.

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On Human Nature.
Cambridge, MA, 1978.

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Religion and American Politics, from the Colonial Period to the 1980 s.
Oxford and New York, 1990.

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Spiritual Awakening: Classic Writings of the Eighteenth-Century Devotions to Inspire and Help the Twentieth-Century Reader.
Tring, UK, 1988.

Wittfogel, Karl A.
Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power.
New Haven, CT, 1957.

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The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.
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Violence, Nonviolence and the Struggle for Social Justice.
Geneva, 1972.

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The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to
9
/
11
.
New York, 2006.

Wright, Louis B.
Religion and Empire: The Alliance Between Piety and Commerce in the English Expansion,
1558

1625
.
Chapel Hill, NC, 1943.

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Spinoza and Other Heretics.
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Adventures of Immanence.
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Index

Abbasids,
7.1
,
7.2
,
8.1
,
12.1
,
aft.1

Abd al-Aziz University

Abd al-Malik

Abd al-Nasser, Gemal,
11.1
,
11.2
,
12.1
,
aft.1

Abdu, Muhammad

Abel,
4.1
,
13.1

abolitionists

Abraham,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
6.1
,
7.1
,
11.1
,
nts.1

1.1

Abrahamic faiths,
itr.1
,
8.1
;
see also
Christianity
;
Islam
;
Judaism

absolute monarchies
,
2.1
,
7.1
; Chinese,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
; European,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
10.1
; Muslim,
7.2
,
9.6
,
aft.1
; Persian,
6.1
,
7.3

absolutism,
7.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
; religious,
1.1
,
2.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
6.1
,
7.2
,
9.2
,
10.2
(
see also
fundamentalism); royal
,
see
absolute monarchies

Abu Bakr (first caliph)

Abu Ghraib prison,
13.1
,
nts.1
n79

Achaemenid dynasty

Achilles,
1.1
,
1.2

Acre

Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1
,
aft.1

Acts of the Martyrs,
5.1
,
5.2

Adadnirari I, King of Assyria

Adalbéron, bishop of Laon
, n27

Adam,
4.1
,
4.2
,
10.1
,
10.2

Adams, John

Adams, Sam

Adebolajo, Michael

Adebolawe, Michael

Advani, L. K.

Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem)

Afghanistan,
11.1
; al-Qaeda in,
13.1
; ancient,
1.1
,
1.2
,
2.1
,
4.1
; Arab Islamist supporters of,
see
Arab-Afghans
; Soviet invasion and occupation of,
13.2
,
13.3
; Taliban control of,
13.4
,
13.5
; United States war against,
13.6

Africa,
6.1
,
7.1
; Islam in,
13.1
; slave trade to Americas from,
9.1
,
10.1
,
aft.1
;
see also specific nations and regions

African Americans,
10.1
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2

Afula (Israel)

Agni (sacred fire),
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3

Agnicayana,
2.1
,
2.2

agrarian civilizations,
itr.1
,
1.1
;
see also specific empires, kingdoms, regions and states

ahadith
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2

Ahmadis,
11.1
,
nts.1
n29

Ahura Mazda

Ai

Ain Jalut, Battle of

Ajatashatru, King of Magadha

Ajax

Ajivaka school

Akbar, Moghul Emperor

Akitu ritual,
1.1
,
1.2
,
4.1

Akiva, Rabbi

Akkadian Empire,
1.1
,
4.1

al-Bahri, Nasir,
13.1
,
13.2

al-Banna, Hassan

al-Dukhayyil, Feisal

al-Fazari, Abu Ishaq

al-Hakim, Abu Ali Mansur Tariqu, Fatimid emperor

al-Haqq, Zia

al-Harawi, Abu Said,
8.1

al-Haznawi, Ahmed

al-Mutasim, Abbasid caliph

al-Nuqrashi, Muhammad

al-Omari, Abdul-Aziz,
13.1
,
13.2

al-Qaradawi, Sheikh

al-Rashid, Harun, Abbasid emperor,
7.1
,
7.2

al-Sadiq, Jafar (sixth Shii Imam),
7.1
,
12.1

al-Sadr, Musa

al-Shafii, Muhammad Idris,
7.1
,
12.1
,
13.1

al-Shehhi, Marwan

al-Sulami, Ali ibn Tahir

al-Turabi, Hassan,
13.1
,
13.2

al-Zawahiri, Ayman,
13.1
,
13.2

Alaric

Albright, Madeleine

Alcuin,
8.1
,
nts.1
n13

Aleppo (Syria)

Alexandria,
5.1
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
6.4
,
6.5
,
7.1

Alexander VI, Pope

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Sleepless

Algeria,
13.1
,
13.2
,
13.3
,
13.4

Ali (fourth caliph, first Shii Imam),
7.1
,
7.2
,
11.1
,
11.2
,
nts.1
n83

Allah (
Arabic:
“God”),
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
12.1
,
13.1

Allah, Louis Atiyat

Alp Arslan

al-Qaeda,
13.1
,
13.2
,
13.3
,
13.4
,
13.5
,
13.6
,
13.7

Alsace,
9.1
,
10.1

Al-Turabi, Hassan

AMAL (Battalions for Lebanese Resistance)

Ambrose, bishop of Milan

American Civil Liberties Union

American Revolution
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
10.3
,
10.4
,
11.1
,
aft.1

Americas
,
9.1
; discovery and colonization of,
9.2
,
9.3
;
see also specific colonies and colonizers

Amir, Yigal

Amnesty International

Amorites,
1.1
,
8.1

Amos

Amritsar, Golden Temple at

Amsterdam

Amurru

Anabaptists,
9.1
,
9.2
,
nts.1
n43

Anagni

Anat

Anatolia,
1.1
,
1.2
,
4.1
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
11.1
; Mongol invasion of,
8.3
; in Ottoman Empire,
9.1

Anderson, Perry

Anglo-Saxons,
1.1
,
6.1
,
8.1

Angra Mainyu (Hostile Spirit),
1.1
,
4.1

Anjou,
8.1
,
10.1

Ante-Taurus mountain range

Antichrist,
8.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1

Antioch,
5.1
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
; siege of,
8.3
,
8.4

Antiochus IV, Seleucid emperor

Antipas, Herod (son of Herod the Great),
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3

anti-Semitism
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
10.1

Anti-Women’s Suffrage League

Antonia fortress (Jerusalem),
5.1
,
5.2

Antony, Egyptian monk,
6.1
,
6.2
,
aft.1

Anu (Mesopotamian sky god),
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3

Anunnaki,
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3
,
1.4
,
1.5

Apadama relief

apocalyptic beliefs,
5.1
,
5.2
,
12.1
; Christian,
8.1
,
aft.1
; Zoroastrian,
1.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
5.3

Apulia (Italy)

Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem),
8.1
,
8.2

Arab-Afghans
,
13.1
,
13.2
,
aft.1
; in Bosnian War,
13.3
; return to Middle East of,
13.4

Arabi, Muid ad-Din ibn al-

Arabs
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
12.1
,
nts.1
n69; in Afghan campaign against Soviet Union,
see
Arab-Afghans
; Israeli conflicts with,
11.1
,
11.2
,
11.3
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
12.4
; in Ottoman Empire,
9.1
; Palestinian,
see
Palestinians

Arad, ancient Canaanite fortress of

Arafat, Yasser

Aragon,
9.1
,
9.2

Arcadius, Byzantine emperor

Archelaus (son of Herod the Great)

Ariel, Yaakov

aristocracy
,
itr.1
,
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
; in Byzantine Empire,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
6.4
,
6.5
,
6.6
,
6.7
; Chinese,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
,
3.4
,
3.5
,
3.6
; in colonial America,
10.3
,
10.4
,
10.5
; during French Revolution,
10.6
,
10.7
,
10.8
; Indian,
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3
,
2.4
,
2.5
,
2.6
,
2.7
,
2.8
,
2.9
,
10.8
; Israelites and,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
; Mesopotamian,
1.4
,
1.5
,
1.6
; Muslims and,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
8.2
,
9.2
,
11.1
,
aft.1
; in
Persian Empire,
1.7
,
4.5
,
4.6
,
6.8
,
6.9
,
7.4
; and rise of capitalism,
7.5
,
9.3
; of Roman Catholic Church,
8.3
,
8.4
; in Roman Empire,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
5.4
,
5.5
,
8.5
; during Wars of Religion,
9.4
,
9.5

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