Authors: Ethan Chorin
Exit the Colonel (60 page)
7
Woodward, Bob,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981â1987
(New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 364.
Woodward, Bob,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981â1987
(New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 364.
8
Hilsenrath, “Gates Says Libya Not Vital National Interest.”
Hilsenrath, “Gates Says Libya Not Vital National Interest.”
9
“Lugar Challenges Obama Administration on Libyan War Authorization,” May 13, 2011; see
http://lugar.senate.gov/record.cfm?id=332842&
.
“Lugar Challenges Obama Administration on Libyan War Authorization,” May 13, 2011; see
http://lugar.senate.gov/record.cfm?id=332842&
.
10
State Department, State of Continuing Emergency Release, February 2012.
State Department, State of Continuing Emergency Release, February 2012.
11
Michael Young, “Promising Clarity on Libya, Obama delivers confusion,”
The National
, March 31, 2011.
Michael Young, “Promising Clarity on Libya, Obama delivers confusion,”
The National
, March 31, 2011.
12
Editors, “De l'importance des Fondamentaux,” DSI, no. 70, May 2011, p. 25.
Editors, “De l'importance des Fondamentaux,” DSI, no. 70, May 2011, p. 25.
14
Editors, “Unified Protector,” pp. 26â40.
Editors, “Unified Protector,” pp. 26â40.
15
Ibid., p. 30.
Ibid., p. 30.
16
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
17
Chorin interview with Maged Mahfouz, November 25, 2011.
Chorin interview with Maged Mahfouz, November 25, 2011.
18
Shabakat Corporation, International Republican Institute Survey of Pubilc Opinion in Eastern Libya, October 12â25, 2011; see
www.shabakat.se
, quoted in Marbo3a.
Shabakat Corporation, International Republican Institute Survey of Pubilc Opinion in Eastern Libya, October 12â25, 2011; see
www.shabakat.se
, quoted in Marbo3a.
19
Editors, “Unified Protector,” pp. 26â40.
Editors, “Unified Protector,” pp. 26â40.
20
International Crisis Group, “A Ceasefire and Negotiations the Right Way to Resolve the Libya Crisis,” ICG website, March 10, 2011; see
https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=international+crisis+group+right+way+to+resolve+Libya&oq=international+crisis+group+right+way+to+resolve+Libya&gs_l=hp.3...771.10870.0.11126.75.49.10.13.14.5.390.8332.0j40j8j1.49.0...0.0.lAGEYx2Pf4s&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=6b20fd341076c19f&biw=1366&bih=622
.
International Crisis Group, “A Ceasefire and Negotiations the Right Way to Resolve the Libya Crisis,” ICG website, March 10, 2011; see
https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=international+crisis+group+right+way+to+resolve+Libya&oq=international+crisis+group+right+way+to+resolve+Libya&gs_l=hp.3...771.10870.0.11126.75.49.10.13.14.5.390.8332.0j40j8j1.49.0...0.0.lAGEYx2Pf4s&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=6b20fd341076c19f&biw=1366&bih=622
.
21
Nick Meo, “Col Gaddafi refuses to step down, playing chess instead,”
The Telegraph
, June 13, 2011; see
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8573080/Col-Gaddafi-refuses-to-step-down-playing-chess-instead.html
.
Nick Meo, “Col Gaddafi refuses to step down, playing chess instead,”
The Telegraph
, June 13, 2011; see
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8573080/Col-Gaddafi-refuses-to-step-down-playing-chess-instead.html
.
27
Verini, James, “The Good Bad Son,” in
New York Magazine
, May 22, 2011; see
http://nymag.com/news/politics/saif-qaddafi-2011-5
.
Verini, James, “The Good Bad Son,” in
New York Magazine
, May 22, 2011; see
http://nymag.com/news/politics/saif-qaddafi-2011-5
.
30
Dirk Vandewalle,
A History of Modern Libya
, 2nd ed., (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 207.
Dirk Vandewalle,
A History of Modern Libya
, 2nd ed., (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 207.
31
“Assistant Secretary Of State Jeffrey Feltman Discusses Libya, Syria, and Lebanon During an Interview on Alhurra Television,” July 27, 2011.
“Assistant Secretary Of State Jeffrey Feltman Discusses Libya, Syria, and Lebanon During an Interview on Alhurra Television,” July 27, 2011.
33
RafÄÄ«l LÅ«zan, “LÄ AstabaÊ¿ad an YakÅ«n al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« SaÊ¿Ä« li-l-Ḥuṣūl Ê¿alÄ MusÄÊ¿adah min IsrÄʾīl,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Aswaá¹
, October 12, 2011; WaṯÄʾiq, “AlÄqÄt IstiḫbÄrÄt al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« Tuṯīr Ǧadalan Dawliyyan,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, September 4, 2011.
RafÄÄ«l LÅ«zan, “LÄ AstabaÊ¿ad an YakÅ«n al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« SaÊ¿Ä« li-l-Ḥuṣūl Ê¿alÄ MusÄÊ¿adah min IsrÄʾīl,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Aswaá¹
, October 12, 2011; WaṯÄʾiq, “AlÄqÄt IstiḫbÄrÄt al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« Tuṯīr Ǧadalan Dawliyyan,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, September 4, 2011.
34
“Gaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« Yuwaffid Mabʿūṯīn ʾilÄ Israʾīl,” reprinted from
Aljazeera.net
in á¹¢awt, July 14, 2011.
“Gaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« Yuwaffid Mabʿūṯīn ʾilÄ Israʾīl,” reprinted from
Aljazeera.net
in á¹¢awt, July 14, 2011.
35
See
http://wee.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/08/2011831151258728747.html
; MinÄ al-Ê¿ArabÄ«. “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah tarbuá¹ David Welch bi-l-baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«.”
aš-Šarq al-Awsat
, September 1, 2011.
See
http://wee.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/08/2011831151258728747.html
; MinÄ al-Ê¿ArabÄ«. “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah tarbuá¹ David Welch bi-l-baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«.”
aš-Šarq al-Awsat
, September 1, 2011.
36
MinÄ al-Ê¿ArabÄ«, “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah Tarbuá¹ DafÄ«d WÄ«lÅ¡ bi-l-Baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«,”
aš-Šarq al-Awsat
, September 1, 2011.
MinÄ al-Ê¿ArabÄ«, “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah Tarbuá¹ DafÄ«d WÄ«lÅ¡ bi-l-Baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«,”
aš-Šarq al-Awsat
, September 1, 2011.
37
See
http://wee.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/08/2011831151258728747.html
; al-Ê¿ArabÄ«, MinÄ, “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah tarbuá¹ David Welch bi-l-baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«,” aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsat, September 1, 2011; and see
http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/31/state_department_we
weren't_ part_of_the _qaddafi_welsh_meetings.
See
http://wee.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/08/2011831151258728747.html
; al-Ê¿ArabÄ«, MinÄ, “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah tarbuá¹ David Welch bi-l-baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«,” aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsat, September 1, 2011; and see
http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/31/state_department_we
weren't_ part_of_the _qaddafi_welsh_meetings.
38
MinÄ al-Ê¿ArabÄ«, “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah Tarbuá¹ DafÄ«d WÄ«lÅ¡ bi-l-Baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«,”
aš-Šarq al-Awsat
, September 1, 2011.
MinÄ al-Ê¿ArabÄ«, “Ǧadal Ḥawl WaṯÄʾiq LÄ«bÄ«yyah Tarbuá¹ DafÄ«d WÄ«lÅ¡ bi-l-Baḥṯ Ê¿an âMuḫriǧ' li-l-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«,”
aš-Šarq al-Awsat
, September 1, 2011.
39
Ibid.
Ibid.
40
Chorin interview with US Department of State Libya Desk Officer, January 2012; Victoria Nuland, State Department spokesperson, said, “David Welch, a former assistant secretary, is now a private citizen. This was a private trip. He was not carrying any message from the U.S. government.” See
http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/31/state_department_we
weren't_ part_of_the_qaddafi_welsh _meetings.
Chorin interview with US Department of State Libya Desk Officer, January 2012; Victoria Nuland, State Department spokesperson, said, “David Welch, a former assistant secretary, is now a private citizen. This was a private trip. He was not carrying any message from the U.S. government.” See
http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/31/state_department_we
weren't_ part_of_the_qaddafi_welsh _meetings.
41
Chorin interview with Assistant Secretary Welch, July 2011.
Chorin interview with Assistant Secretary Welch, July 2011.
43
Chorin interview with Dirk Vandewalle, November 2011.
Chorin interview with Dirk Vandewalle, November 2011.
44
Chorin interview with Assistant Secretary Indyk, November 29, 2011.
Chorin interview with Assistant Secretary Indyk, November 29, 2011.
46
See
http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-04/world/libya.rebel.leader_1_wadi-doum-libyan-exiles-libyan-pows?_s=PM:WORLD
; see
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/new-rebel-commander-khalifa-haftar-aims-to-build-disciplined-fighting-force/story-e6frg6so-1226032915918
.
See
http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-04/world/libya.rebel.leader_1_wadi-doum-libyan-exiles-libyan-pows?_s=PM:WORLD
; see
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/new-rebel-commander-khalifa-haftar-aims-to-build-disciplined-fighting-force/story-e6frg6so-1226032915918
.
47
See
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8671455/General-Abdel-Fattah-Younes.html
.
See
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8671455/General-Abdel-Fattah-Younes.html
.
51
See
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8671455/General-Abdel-Fattah-Younes.html
.
See
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8671455/General-Abdel-Fattah-Younes.html
.
52
“Assassination attempt on Benghazi official: said to be linked to Younis killing,”
Libya Herald
, March 5, 2011.
“Assassination attempt on Benghazi official: said to be linked to Younis killing,”
Libya Herald
, March 5, 2011.
53
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
54
Ethan Chorin, “The Graffiti of Benghazi;” see
http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/the-graffiti-of-benghazi
.
Ethan Chorin, “The Graffiti of Benghazi;” see
http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/the-graffiti-of-benghazi
.
55
Samia Nakhoul, “Libyan Scholar Urges Help for Rebels Fighting Gaddafi,” Reuters, March 11, 2011; see
http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6600
.
CHAPTER 12Samia Nakhoul, “Libyan Scholar Urges Help for Rebels Fighting Gaddafi,” Reuters, March 11, 2011; see
http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6600
.
1
aá¹£-á¹¢Ädiq an-NayhÅ«m, “Qiá¹£aá¹£ Aá¹fÄl,”
LÄ«bÄ«yÄ
(Tala Books/Arab Diffusion Company, 2002), reprinted and translated in Chorin,
Translating Libya
.
aá¹£-á¹¢Ädiq an-NayhÅ«m, “Qiá¹£aá¹£ Aá¹fÄl,”
LÄ«bÄ«yÄ
(Tala Books/Arab Diffusion Company, 2002), reprinted and translated in Chorin,
Translating Libya
.
2
Abdelhakim Belhaj, “Du Djihad a la Revolution,”
Jeune Afrique
, no. 2643, September 4â10, 2011, p. 26.
Abdelhakim Belhaj, “Du Djihad a la Revolution,”
Jeune Afrique
, no. 2643, September 4â10, 2011, p. 26.
3
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
4
Claudia Gazzini, “Who Tipped Off the Libyans?,” blog post, November 3, 2008; see
http://claudiagazzini.com/website/blog/index.php?p=27
.
Claudia Gazzini, “Who Tipped Off the Libyans?,” blog post, November 3, 2008; see
http://claudiagazzini.com/website/blog/index.php?p=27
.
5
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
6
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
7
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
8
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
“Masʾūl LÄ«bÄ«: Sayf al-IslÄm fÄ« BanÄ« WalÄ«d wa MuÊ¿taá¹£im fÄ« Sirt,” aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹, Sept.ember 29, 2011.
“Masʾūl LÄ«bÄ«: Sayf al-IslÄm fÄ« BanÄ« WalÄ«d wa MuÊ¿taá¹£im fÄ« Sirt,” aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹, Sept.ember 29, 2011.
10
“QiyÄdÄ« fÄ« Ǧibhat aṯ-ṮūwwÄr: Tamm TaḥdÄ«d MawqiÊ¿ Sayf al-IslÄm fÄ« á¹¢aḥraʾ ǦanÅ«b Å arqi ṬarÄblus,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 20, 2011.
“QiyÄdÄ« fÄ« Ǧibhat aṯ-ṮūwwÄr: Tamm TaḥdÄ«d MawqiÊ¿ Sayf al-IslÄm fÄ« á¹¢aḥraʾ ǦanÅ«b Å arqi ṬarÄblus,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 20, 2011.
11
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
12
“Muammar Gaddafi Dead: Mansour Iddhow, Former Servant, Recounts Colonel's Final Days;” see
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/21/muammar-gaddafi-dead-mansour-iddhow_n_1290789.html
.
“Muammar Gaddafi Dead: Mansour Iddhow, Former Servant, Recounts Colonel's Final Days;” see
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/21/muammar-gaddafi-dead-mansour-iddhow_n_1290789.html
.
14
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
15
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
16
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
18
Kim Gamel, “Gadhafi's burial delayed for further investigation,” Associated Press, October 21, 2011.
Kim Gamel, “Gadhafi's burial delayed for further investigation,” Associated Press, October 21, 2011.
19
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
21
Aḥmad IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h,
aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah fi-t-Tarīḫ, Muqaddimah fi taÅ¡rīḫ aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah
, unpublished 2011, p. 73.
Aḥmad IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h,
aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah fi-t-Tarīḫ, Muqaddimah fi taÅ¡rīḫ aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah
, unpublished 2011, p. 73.
22
“Libya unearths largest mass grave of civil war dead with 157 bodies in battleground town,” Associated Press, March 4, 2012.
“Libya unearths largest mass grave of civil war dead with 157 bodies in battleground town,” Associated Press, March 4, 2012.
23
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
24
Corbett B. Daly, “Clinton on Qaddafi: âWe Came, We Saw, He Died,'” CBS News, October 20, 2011.
Corbett B. Daly, “Clinton on Qaddafi: âWe Came, We Saw, He Died,'” CBS News, October 20, 2011.
25
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
26
See
http://wfol.tv/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=246:jibril-foreign-elements-ordered-gadhafi-dead
.
See
http://wfol.tv/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=246:jibril-foreign-elements-ordered-gadhafi-dead
.
27
Adam Nossiter and Kareem Fahim, “Revolution Won, Top Libyan Official Promises Elections and a more Pious State,”
New York Times
, October 23, 2011.
Adam Nossiter and Kareem Fahim, “Revolution Won, Top Libyan Official Promises Elections and a more Pious State,”
New York Times
, October 23, 2011.
28
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l YukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2011.
29
“ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l yukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸Äf'i li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹a,” interview with MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l in aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹, October 18, 2011.
“ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l yukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸Äf'i li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹a,” interview with MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l in aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹, October 18, 2011.
30
“Libya: âOut of Control' Militias Commit Widespread Abuses, a Year On from Uprising,” press release, Amnesty International, February 16, 2012; see
www.amnesty.org
.
“Libya: âOut of Control' Militias Commit Widespread Abuses, a Year On from Uprising,” press release, Amnesty International, February 16, 2012; see
www.amnesty.org
.
31
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
32
Nossiter and Fahim; “Revolution Won, Top Libyan Official Promises Elections and a More Pious State.”
Nossiter and Fahim; “Revolution Won, Top Libyan Official Promises Elections and a More Pious State.”
36
Chorin interview with Azza Maghur, January 19, 2012.
Chorin interview with Azza Maghur, January 19, 2012.
37
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
38
“LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: Maqtal 5 wa Iá¹£Äbat 20 fÄ« IÅ¡tibÄqÄt bayn Aná¹£Är al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« wa ṮūwwÄr fÄ« BanÄ« WalÄ«d,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 24, 2012.
“LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: Maqtal 5 wa Iá¹£Äbat 20 fÄ« IÅ¡tibÄqÄt bayn Aná¹£Är al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« wa ṮūwwÄr fÄ« BanÄ« WalÄ«d,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 24, 2012.
39
“LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: IstiqÄlÄt wa IÊ¿tiá¹£ÄmÄt wa Ê¿Abd al-ǦalÄ«l YuṯÄr min “Huwa bi-lÄ QarÄr,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 23, 2012.
“LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: IstiqÄlÄt wa IÊ¿tiá¹£ÄmÄt wa Ê¿Abd al-ǦalÄ«l YuṯÄr min “Huwa bi-lÄ QarÄr,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 23, 2012.
40
“Anba' howl Dhuhur mufaji' li-Khamees Al Qadafi bi saaq mubtawara,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, February 26, 2012.
“Anba' howl Dhuhur mufaji' li-Khamees Al Qadafi bi saaq mubtawara,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, February 26, 2012.
43
“22 people killed in Libya in clashes between rival towns in country's West,” Associated Press, April 3, 2011.
“22 people killed in Libya in clashes between rival towns in country's West,” Associated Press, April 3, 2011.
45
“Qiyadi bilZintan: Saif ma zal âala qina'atihi al qadima'..wa tartibaat limuhakimatili âalaaniyya : Abdel sitar hatita,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 31, 2012.
“Qiyadi bilZintan: Saif ma zal âala qina'atihi al qadima'..wa tartibaat limuhakimatili âalaaniyya : Abdel sitar hatita,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 31, 2012.
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