Authors: Ethan Chorin
Exit the Colonel (61 page)
CHAPTER 13
1
Chorin interview with Dr. Laila Bugaighis, May 28, 2012.
Chorin interview with Dr. Laila Bugaighis, May 28, 2012.
2
Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn Å alÄ¡am,
AšḫÄá¹£ ḥawl al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«
(Dubai: DÄr al-FarǧiyÄnÄ«/MadÄrik Publishers, 2012) p. 53.
Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn Å alÄ¡am,
AšḫÄá¹£ ḥawl al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«
(Dubai: DÄr al-FarǧiyÄnÄ«/MadÄrik Publishers, 2012) p. 53.
3
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
4
Chorin interview with Rida Bey, November 22, 2011.
Chorin interview with Rida Bey, November 22, 2011.
5
Chorin interview with Maged Mahfouz and others, Winter 2011.
Chorin interview with Maged Mahfouz and others, Winter 2011.
6
Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, “C.I.A. Agents in Libya Aid Airstrikes and Meet Rebels,”
New York Times
, March 30, 2011. The article implies that Libya fell “out of focus” as an object of intelligence gathering itself, after the rapprochement.
Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, “C.I.A. Agents in Libya Aid Airstrikes and Meet Rebels,”
New York Times
, March 30, 2011. The article implies that Libya fell “out of focus” as an object of intelligence gathering itself, after the rapprochement.
7
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
See
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&ved=0CGUQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Flnweb90.worldbank.org%2FCAW%2FCawdoclib.nsf%2FvewCrossCountryStudies%2F87F59BE2E95BC9B285256D0A004C1D91%2F%24file%2Fwp0041.pdf&ei=A72JT9-UIIX6tgeLnZDGCQ&usg=AFQjCNHMaVfDi9rEYrEtYmPyNu77d3HgFw&sig2=Fg1Tdzf41t3Jaf9aQF7nhw
.
See
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&ved=0CGUQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Flnweb90.worldbank.org%2FCAW%2FCawdoclib.nsf%2FvewCrossCountryStudies%2F87F59BE2E95BC9B285256D0A004C1D91%2F%24file%2Fwp0041.pdf&ei=A72JT9-UIIX6tgeLnZDGCQ&usg=AFQjCNHMaVfDi9rEYrEtYmPyNu77d3HgFw&sig2=Fg1Tdzf41t3Jaf9aQF7nhw
.
10
Chorin interview with Ed Morse, Citibank, June 27, 2012.
Chorin interview with Ed Morse, Citibank, June 27, 2012.
11
Ibid., July 1, 2012.
Ibid., July 1, 2012.
12
Moncef Djaziri, “Libye: Les enjeux economiques de la “guerre pour la democratie,”
Moyen-Orient
, October-December 2011, pp. 78-83.
Moncef Djaziri, “Libye: Les enjeux economiques de la “guerre pour la democratie,”
Moyen-Orient
, October-December 2011, pp. 78-83.
13
Ibid, p. 81.
Ibid, p. 81.
14
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
15
Kenneth G. Lieberthal and Michael E. O'Hanlon, “Scoring Obama's Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2012.
Kenneth G. Lieberthal and Michael E. O'Hanlon, “Scoring Obama's Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2012.
16
Ibid.
Ibid.
17
Ibid.
Ibid.
21
Chorin interview with Karim Sadjadpour, March 4, 2012.
Chorin interview with Karim Sadjadpour, March 4, 2012.
22
Alanoud Al Sharekh, “Reform and Rebirth in the Middle East, in Survival,” International Institute for Strategic Studies, AprilâMay 2011, p. 53.
Alanoud Al Sharekh, “Reform and Rebirth in the Middle East, in Survival,” International Institute for Strategic Studies, AprilâMay 2011, p. 53.
24
Chorin interview with Ahmed Sheibani, July 4, 2012.
Chorin interview with Ahmed Sheibani, July 4, 2012.
25
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity, but also see Andrew Feinstein and Jean-Marc Tanguy in Bibliography for more information.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity, but also see Andrew Feinstein and Jean-Marc Tanguy in Bibliography for more information.
28
Ibid., p. 491.
Ibid., p. 491.
29
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
31
Daya Gamage, “Intelligence Partnership between Libya and the CIA on counterterrorism,”
Asian Tribune
, Washington, DC, March 21, 2011; see Asiantribune .com.
Daya Gamage, “Intelligence Partnership between Libya and the CIA on counterterrorism,”
Asian Tribune
, Washington, DC, March 21, 2011; see Asiantribune .com.
32
Dirk Vandewalle,
A Modern History of Libya
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 146.
Dirk Vandewalle,
A Modern History of Libya
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 146.
34
Ronald Bruce St. John,
Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), p. 10.
Ronald Bruce St. John,
Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), p. 10.
35
Shadi Hamid, “Tunisia: Birthplace of the Revolution,” in
The Arab Awakening
(Washington, DC: Brookings, 2011), p. 115.
Shadi Hamid, “Tunisia: Birthplace of the Revolution,” in
The Arab Awakening
(Washington, DC: Brookings, 2011), p. 115.
37
See
http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/03/obama-live-on-libya/1#.T-6yCZj7X3A
.
See
http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/03/obama-live-on-libya/1#.T-6yCZj7X3A
.
38
Laura Rozen, “Hillary Clinton to UN: Stand with Syrian people or be âcomplicit' in rackdown,”
The Envoy
, January 31, 2012.
Laura Rozen, “Hillary Clinton to UN: Stand with Syrian people or be âcomplicit' in rackdown,”
The Envoy
, January 31, 2012.
39
“Sarkozy: 2012 âAam al Makhatir..wa lan naskat ala “al Fathihat assooriyya,'”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 21, 2012.
CHAPTER 14“Sarkozy: 2012 âAam al Makhatir..wa lan naskat ala “al Fathihat assooriyya,'”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 21, 2012.
1
2012 National Survey of Libya, Shabakat Corporation, International Republican Institute Survey of Public Opinion in Eastern Libya, October 12â25, 2011; see
www.shabakat.se
, quoted in newslist Marbo3a.
2012 National Survey of Libya, Shabakat Corporation, International Republican Institute Survey of Public Opinion in Eastern Libya, October 12â25, 2011; see
www.shabakat.se
, quoted in newslist Marbo3a.
2
Some still insist it is the opposite, i.e., Saif is paying off the Zintanis to keep him from both the ICC and the NTC.
Some still insist it is the opposite, i.e., Saif is paying off the Zintanis to keep him from both the ICC and the NTC.
3
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
4
See
http://www.almanaralink.com/press/2012/06/18024/
; Declan Walsh and Eric Schmitt, “Drone Strike Killed No. 2 in Al Qaeda, U.S. Officials Say,”
New York Times
, June 5 2012; see
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/asia/qaeda-deputy-killed-in-drone-strike-in-pakistan.html?pagewanted=all
.
See
http://www.almanaralink.com/press/2012/06/18024/
; Declan Walsh and Eric Schmitt, “Drone Strike Killed No. 2 in Al Qaeda, U.S. Officials Say,”
New York Times
, June 5 2012; see
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/asia/qaeda-deputy-killed-in-drone-strike-in-pakistan.html?pagewanted=all
.
6
Asmaa Elourfi, “Libya: Al-Qaeda elements surface in Derna,”
Magharebia
, April 5, 012; see
http://www.uruknet.info/?p=m87084&fb=.1
Asmaa Elourfi, “Libya: Al-Qaeda elements surface in Derna,”
Magharebia
, April 5, 012; see
http://www.uruknet.info/?p=m87084&fb=.1
7
“Dirnah MadÄ«nah LÄ«bÄ«yyah MahmÅ«lah TukÄfiḥ li-TabdÄ«d SÅ«ratiha' Kama'QÄl li- âal-QÄÊ¿idah',”
al-ḤayÄt
/Reuters, May 7, 2011. p. 5.
“Dirnah MadÄ«nah LÄ«bÄ«yyah MahmÅ«lah TukÄfiḥ li-TabdÄ«d SÅ«ratiha' Kama'QÄl li- âal-QÄÊ¿idah',”
al-ḤayÄt
/Reuters, May 7, 2011. p. 5.
10
See
http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/libya/Libya-Draft-Constitutional-Charter-for-the-Transitional-Stage.pdf
; the original drafters of the
bayan
(Baja et al.), perhaps taking a lesson from former Prime Minister Mustafa Ben Halim (one of whose main regrets from the 1960s was his failure to encourage political parties, a situation that he felt created vulnerabilities that Gaddafi all too deftly exploited.), felt the new constitution should encourage the creation of political parties.
See
http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/libya/Libya-Draft-Constitutional-Charter-for-the-Transitional-Stage.pdf
; the original drafters of the
bayan
(Baja et al.), perhaps taking a lesson from former Prime Minister Mustafa Ben Halim (one of whose main regrets from the 1960s was his failure to encourage political parties, a situation that he felt created vulnerabilities that Gaddafi all too deftly exploited.), felt the new constitution should encourage the creation of political parties.
11
Mahmoud Jibril, elected head of Alliance of National Forces,
Libya Herald
, March 14, 2012; see
http://www.libyaherald.com/mahmoud-jibril-elected-head-of-alliance-of-national-forces
.
Mahmoud Jibril, elected head of Alliance of National Forces,
Libya Herald
, March 14, 2012; see
http://www.libyaherald.com/mahmoud-jibril-elected-head-of-alliance-of-national-forces
.
12
Ibid.
Ibid.
13
“Ahzab al libiyya tu'aani min al tahmeesh wasat tusaa'id dowr qaadat al qaba'il wa milisheeaat,”
Asharq Al Awsat
, January 31, 2012.
“Ahzab al libiyya tu'aani min al tahmeesh wasat tusaa'id dowr qaadat al qaba'il wa milisheeaat,”
Asharq Al Awsat
, January 31, 2012.
14
Judith Gurney,
Libya: The Political Economy of Oil
(Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 85.
Judith Gurney,
Libya: The Political Economy of Oil
(Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 85.
15
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
17
Christopher Stephen and Caroline Alexander, “Libya's Post-Qaddafi Government is Hobbled as Misrata's City State Thrives,” Bloomberg, February 28, 2012.
Christopher Stephen and Caroline Alexander, “Libya's Post-Qaddafi Government is Hobbled as Misrata's City State Thrives,” Bloomberg, February 28, 2012.
19
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “Raʾīs al-Maǧlis al-AhlÄ« fÄ« Ḥaá¸ramÅ«t:Lan Naqbil illÄ bi-IqlÄ«m FadarÄlÄ« fÄ« al-Ḥadd al-adnÄ,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 20, 2012.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “Raʾīs al-Maǧlis al-AhlÄ« fÄ« Ḥaá¸ramÅ«t:Lan Naqbil illÄ bi-IqlÄ«m FadarÄlÄ« fÄ« al-Ḥadd al-adnÄ,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 20, 2012.
21
See
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html
.
See
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html
.
22
Salafism
and
Islamism
are highly imprecise terms, encompassing various strains of thought. Those who call themselves Salafis range from eschewing politics entirely (the “quietists”) to those who advocate violence to achieve their objectives (the “Jihadists”).
Salafism
and
Islamism
are highly imprecise terms, encompassing various strains of thought. Those who call themselves Salafis range from eschewing politics entirely (the “quietists”) to those who advocate violence to achieve their objectives (the “Jihadists”).
23
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
24
Shabakat Corporation, International Republican Institute Survey of Public Opinion in Eastern Libya, October 12â25, 2011; see
www.shabakat.se
.
Shabakat Corporation, International Republican Institute Survey of Public Opinion in Eastern Libya, October 12â25, 2011; see
www.shabakat.se
.
25
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
26
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
27
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
28
Borzou Daragahi, “Delays to Libya elections spark concern,”
Financial Times
, May 30, 2012; see
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/19487524-aa63-11e1-8b9d-00144feabdc0.html
.
Borzou Daragahi, “Delays to Libya elections spark concern,”
Financial Times
, May 30, 2012; see
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/19487524-aa63-11e1-8b9d-00144feabdc0.html
.
29
Ralph Chami, “Libya beyond the revolution: Challenges and Opportunities,” International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 2012.
Ralph Chami, “Libya beyond the revolution: Challenges and Opportunities,” International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 2012.
30
See
http://www.libya-businessnews.com/2012/04/16/libyan-oil-exports-to-total-1-29-million-bpd-in-may
.
See
http://www.libya-businessnews.com/2012/04/16/libyan-oil-exports-to-total-1-29-million-bpd-in-may
.
34
Fathi M. bin Issa, “Some of us fight with guns, others with pens;” see
http://www.reinventinglibya.org/index.php
.
Fathi M. bin Issa, “Some of us fight with guns, others with pens;” see
http://www.reinventinglibya.org/index.php
.
35
Ê¿Abd al-QÄdir al-Aǧtal, “Ḥurriyyat al-IntiḫÄbÄt wa Ḥurriyyat al IÊ¿lÄm LÄ Yaktamil AḥaduhumÄ bÄ«-dÅ«n al-Äḫar,”
LÄ«bÄ«yÄ al-Yawm
, May 28, 2012..
Ê¿Abd al-QÄdir al-Aǧtal, “Ḥurriyyat al-IntiḫÄbÄt wa Ḥurriyyat al IÊ¿lÄm LÄ Yaktamil AḥaduhumÄ bÄ«-dÅ«n al-Äḫar,”
LÄ«bÄ«yÄ al-Yawm
, May 28, 2012..
36
Compilation of Libya's print and broadcast media, MICT, January 2012; see
http://www.reinventinglibya.org/index.php
.
Compilation of Libya's print and broadcast media, MICT, January 2012; see
http://www.reinventinglibya.org/index.php
.
37
The judge who ordered Younes's arrest was found dead in Benghazi in late June 2012.
The judge who ordered Younes's arrest was found dead in Benghazi in late June 2012.
38
“LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: Maqtal 5 wa Iá¹£Äbat 20 fÄ« IÅ¡tibÄqÄt bayn Aná¹£Är al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« wa ṮūwwÄr fÄ« BanÄ« WalÄ«d,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 24, 2012.
“LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: Maqtal 5 wa Iá¹£Äbat 20 fÄ« IÅ¡tibÄqÄt bayn Aná¹£Är al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« wa ṮūwwÄr fÄ« BanÄ« WalÄ«d,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, January 24, 2012.
40
Editors, “intikhabaat Benghazi duruus fi al amaliyyat al intikhaabiyya,”
Libya Al Yowm
, May 28, 2012.
Editors, “intikhabaat Benghazi duruus fi al amaliyyat al intikhaabiyya,”
Libya Al Yowm
, May 28, 2012.
41
Libya Country Profile 2012, USAID.
Libya Country Profile 2012, USAID.
42
Ibid.
Ibid.
43
See
http://el-karama.org/content/libyan-women's-platform-peace-kicks-strategic-communications-trainings-tripoli-misrata-and-benghazi
, May 17, 2012.
See
http://el-karama.org/content/libyan-women's-platform-peace-kicks-strategic-communications-trainings-tripoli-misrata-and-benghazi
, May 17, 2012.
44
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
47
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: al-IstiqÄlÄt taÊ¿á¹£if bi-l-Maǧlis al-IntiqÄlÄ« . . . wa ḤakÅ«mat al-KÄ«b Taltazim aá¹£-á¹¢amt,”
aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹
, July 9, 2012.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: al-IstiqÄlÄt taÊ¿á¹£if bi-l-Maǧlis al-IntiqÄlÄ« . . . wa ḤakÅ«mat al-KÄ«b Taltazim aá¹£-á¹¢amt,”
aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹
, July 9, 2012.
48
Chorin interview with Dr. Laila Bugaighis.
Chorin interview with Dr. Laila Bugaighis.
49
Assijin Assabiq fi Guantanamo Sufyaan bin Qummu, “Ana lastu min al Qaeda . . . sauqaatil ria al raayat assuda,”
Al Ahwal
, May 16, 2012.
Assijin Assabiq fi Guantanamo Sufyaan bin Qummu, “Ana lastu min al Qaeda . . . sauqaatil ria al raayat assuda,”
Al Ahwal
, May 16, 2012.
50
Chorin interview with Dr. Issam Hajjaji, June 10, 2012.
CONCLUSIONChorin interview with Dr. Issam Hajjaji, June 10, 2012.
1
Chorin interview with Libyan businessman Husni Bey, July 2011.
Chorin interview with Libyan businessman Husni Bey, July 2011.
3
Most of these figures come from NTC and Ministry of Health sources in 2011 and 2012;
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/africa/skirmishes-flare-around-qaddafi-strongholds.html?pagewanted=all
.
Most of these figures come from NTC and Ministry of Health sources in 2011 and 2012;
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/africa/skirmishes-flare-around-qaddafi-strongholds.html?pagewanted=all
.
4
Martin S. Indyk, Kenneth G. Lieberthal, and Michael E. O'Hanlon, “Scoring Obama's Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2012, p. 39.
Martin S. Indyk, Kenneth G. Lieberthal, and Michael E. O'Hanlon, “Scoring Obama's Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2012, p. 39.
5
Natan Sharansky,
The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny & Terror
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), p. 3.
Natan Sharansky,
The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny & Terror
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), p. 3.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Periodicals
IN ARABIC
AḫbÄr al-Än (Libya)
al-AhrÄm (Egypt)
al-AḥwÄl (Libya)
al-HayÄt (Pan Arab)
al-Kalimah (Libya)
al-Lībī (Libya)
al-ManÄr (Libya)
al-MuÅ¡Ähid (BBC publication)
aš-Šarq al-AwsaṠ(Pan Arab)
LÄ«biyah al-Yawm (Libya)
MiyÄdÄ«n (Libya)
Quraynah (Libya)
Sawt (Libya)
al-AhrÄm (Egypt)
al-AḥwÄl (Libya)
al-HayÄt (Pan Arab)
al-Kalimah (Libya)
al-Lībī (Libya)
al-ManÄr (Libya)
al-MuÅ¡Ähid (BBC publication)
aš-Šarq al-AwsaṠ(Pan Arab)
LÄ«biyah al-Yawm (Libya)
MiyÄdÄ«n (Libya)
Quraynah (Libya)
Sawt (Libya)
Â
IN ENGLISH
Daedalus
Dissent
Financial Times
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
New York Times
The Africa Report
The Atlantic
The Economist
Tripoli Post
Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Dissent
Financial Times
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
New York Times
The Africa Report
The Atlantic
The Economist
Tripoli Post
Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Â
IN FRENCH
Défense et sécurité international (DSI)
Jeune Afrique
Le Monde
Le Monde diplomatique
Manière de Voir
Moyen-Orient
Monographs
Le Monde
Le Monde diplomatique
Manière de Voir
Moyen-Orient
Monographs
Â
IN ENGLISHBowen, Wyn Q.,
Libya and Nuclear Non-Proliferation: Stepping Back from the Brink
(Adelphi Paper 380). London, England: Routledge Press, IISS, May 2006.
Libya and Nuclear Non-Proliferation: Stepping Back from the Brink
(Adelphi Paper 380). London, England: Routledge Press, IISS, May 2006.
Chorin, Ethan,
Country Commercial Guide, Libya 2006
. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Liaison Office, U.S. Department of State, 2006.
Country Commercial Guide, Libya 2006
. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Liaison Office, U.S. Department of State, 2006.
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