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Chapter 6: How to Make Love to a Cannibal
| European praying mantis | Mantis religiosa |
| Garden spider | Araneus diadematus |
| Australian redback spider | Latrodectus hasselti |
| Sand shark | Odontaspis taurus |
I Like 'Em Headless in Lisbon
For the thrashings of the headless male mantis, see Roeder (1935); for grandmother's footsteps, see Roeder (1935) and Lawrence (1992). For a long (but by no means exhaustive) list of man-eating females, see Elgar (1992). For the gory practices of the midges, see Downes (1978). For the “ate my lover by mistake” hypothesis, see Elgar (1992); for the “only in captivity” hypothesis, see Edmunds (1988); for a list of species observed in and out of the laboratory, see Elgar (1992). For a comparison of the European praying mantis in the wild and in the laboratory, see Lawrence (1992). For spiders that lure males to their doom, see Robinson and Robinson (1980), pages 138â41, and Jackson and Pollard (1997). For female garden spiders prospering as a result of cannibalism, see Elgar and Nash (1988). The notion that cannibalism by females will lead to the evolution of male escape artists is, as far as I know, original to Dr. Tatiana. For spurs in
Tetragnatha extensa
and bondage in
Xysticus cristatus,
see Bristowe (1958), pages 252â56 (for spurs) and pages 115 and 143â45 (for bondage). For the horn of
Argyrodes zonatus,
see Legendre and Lopez (1974) and Lopez and Emerit (1979). For another example of males copulating when they lose their heads, see McDaniel and Horsfall (1957). For erections in throttled human males, see Goldstein (2000).
Tetragnatha extensa
and bondage in
Xysticus cristatus,
see Bristowe (1958), pages 252â56 (for spurs) and pages 115 and 143â45 (for bondage). For the horn of
Argyrodes zonatus,
see Legendre and Lopez (1974) and Lopez and Emerit (1979). For another example of males copulating when they lose their heads, see McDaniel and Horsfall (1957). For erections in throttled human males, see Goldstein (2000).
Wretched in the Wilderness
For escape behavior in
Paruroctonus mesaensis,
see Polis and Farley (1979); in
Lycosa rabida,
see Rovner (1972). For gastronomic burials in
Argiope aemula,
see Sasaki and Iwahashi (1995); in the bristle worm, see Reish (1957). For a general discussion of what Dr. Tatiana calls platonic cannibalism, see Elgar and Crespi (1992); for intrauterine cannibalism in the sand shark, see Springer (1948). For cannibalism in amoebae, see Waddell (1992); in the paddle crab
Ovalipes catharus,
see Haddon (1995). The shark poem is original to Dr. Tatiana. Sexual cannibalism in hermaphrodites is reported sporadically but has received little attention. For evidence of cannibalism in
Hermissenda crassicornis,
however, see the note on food on page 212 of Bürgin (1965); for their mating technique, see Rutowski (1983). For circumstances where male suicide by cannibalism is expected to evolve, see Buskirk et al. (1984); for a general description of mating in the Australian redback spider, see Forster (1992); for evidence that being eaten is good for males, see Andrade (1996); for evidence that females eat only when hungry, see Andrade (1998).
Paruroctonus mesaensis,
see Polis and Farley (1979); in
Lycosa rabida,
see Rovner (1972). For gastronomic burials in
Argiope aemula,
see Sasaki and Iwahashi (1995); in the bristle worm, see Reish (1957). For a general discussion of what Dr. Tatiana calls platonic cannibalism, see Elgar and Crespi (1992); for intrauterine cannibalism in the sand shark, see Springer (1948). For cannibalism in amoebae, see Waddell (1992); in the paddle crab
Ovalipes catharus,
see Haddon (1995). The shark poem is original to Dr. Tatiana. Sexual cannibalism in hermaphrodites is reported sporadically but has received little attention. For evidence of cannibalism in
Hermissenda crassicornis,
however, see the note on food on page 212 of Bürgin (1965); for their mating technique, see Rutowski (1983). For circumstances where male suicide by cannibalism is expected to evolve, see Buskirk et al. (1984); for a general description of mating in the Australian redback spider, see Forster (1992); for evidence that being eaten is good for males, see Andrade (1996); for evidence that females eat only when hungry, see Andrade (1998).
Chapter 7: Crimes of Passion
| Solitary bee | Anthophora plumipes |
| Mountain sheep | Ovis canadensis |
| Domestic sheep | Ovis aries |
| Giant petrel | Macronectes halli |
| Quacking frog | Crinia georgiana |
| Wood frog | Rana sylvatica |
| Yellow dung fly | Scatophaga stercoraria |
| Northern elephant seal | Mirounga angustirostris |
| Hawaiian monk seal | Monachus schauinslandi |
| Tiger shark | Galeocerdo cuvier |
| Water strider | Gerris odontogaster |
| Pheasant | Phasianus colchicus |
| Pigeon | Columbia livia |
| Seaweed fly | Gluma musgravei |
| Crabeater seal | Lobodon carcinophagus |
| Bison | Bison bison |
| Dugong | Dugong dugon |
| Pygmy salamander | Desmognathus wrighti |
| Southern elephant seal | Mirounga leonina |
| Mink | Mustela vison |
| Sea otter | Enhydra lutris |
| Blue shark | Prionace glauca |
| Round stingray | Urolophus halleri |
| Sagebrush cricket | Cyphoderris strepitans |
| Little brown bat | Myotis lucifugus |
| White-fronted bee-eater | Merops bullockoides |
| Lesser snow goose | Chen caerulescens caerulescens |
| American lobster | Homarus americanus |
A Girl's Never Alone in Oxford
For male stuffing in
Polistes dominulus,
see Starks and Poe (1997). For general biology of the solitary bee
Anthophora plumipes,
see Stone (1995) and Stone et al. (1995). For harassment in
Anthophora plumipes,
see Stone (1995); in mountain sheep, see Geist (1971), page 210. For battery in domestic sheep on the Ãle Longue, see Réale et al. (1996); for drowning in the quacking frog, see Byrne and Roberts (1999); for drowning in wood frogs, see Banta (1914) and Howard (1980). For dismemberment in solitary bees, see Alcock (1996); in solitary wasps, see Evans et al. (1986). For drowning and dismemberment in yellow dung flies, see Borgia (1981). For battery in northern elephant seals, see Le Boeuf and Mesnick (1990); in the Hawaiian monk seal, see Hiruki, Stirling, et al. (1993) and Hiruki, Gilmartin, et al. (1993). For males having their libidos suppressed, see Nowak (1999), page 869. For bodyguards in yellow dung flies, see Borgia (1980) and Borgia (1981); in northern elephant seals, see Mesnick and Le Boeuf (1991); in water striders, see Arnqvist (1992); in pheasants, see Ridley and Hill (1987); in pigeons, see Lovell-Mansbridge and Birkhead (1998). For male avoidance in
Anthophora plumipes,
see Stone (1995). For revenge in
Philanthus basilaris,
see O'Neill and Evans (1981).
Polistes dominulus,
see Starks and Poe (1997). For general biology of the solitary bee
Anthophora plumipes,
see Stone (1995) and Stone et al. (1995). For harassment in
Anthophora plumipes,
see Stone (1995); in mountain sheep, see Geist (1971), page 210. For battery in domestic sheep on the Ãle Longue, see Réale et al. (1996); for drowning in the quacking frog, see Byrne and Roberts (1999); for drowning in wood frogs, see Banta (1914) and Howard (1980). For dismemberment in solitary bees, see Alcock (1996); in solitary wasps, see Evans et al. (1986). For drowning and dismemberment in yellow dung flies, see Borgia (1981). For battery in northern elephant seals, see Le Boeuf and Mesnick (1990); in the Hawaiian monk seal, see Hiruki, Stirling, et al. (1993) and Hiruki, Gilmartin, et al. (1993). For males having their libidos suppressed, see Nowak (1999), page 869. For bodyguards in yellow dung flies, see Borgia (1980) and Borgia (1981); in northern elephant seals, see Mesnick and Le Boeuf (1991); in water striders, see Arnqvist (1992); in pheasants, see Ridley and Hill (1987); in pigeons, see Lovell-Mansbridge and Birkhead (1998). For male avoidance in
Anthophora plumipes,
see Stone (1995). For revenge in
Philanthus basilaris,
see O'Neill and Evans (1981).
Mr. Nice Is Mr. Frustrated in Mallacoota Bay
For mating in seaweed flies, see Dunn et al. (2001). For violence, including scarring, in crabeater seals, see Siniff et al. (1979). For violence in bison, see Lott (1981); in dugongs, see Anderson and Birtles (1978). For biting in the pygmy salamander, see Houck (1980) and a personal communication from Nancy Reagan cited in Promislow (1987). For accidents in southern elephant seals, see Carrick and Ingham (1962); in mink, see Enders (1952); in sea otters, see Foott (1970), Riedman and Estes (1990), and Staedler and Riedman (1993). For the suggestion that violence can be beneficial to males by deterring females from remating, see Johnstone and Keller (2000). For a general discussion of reproduction in sharks, see Wourms (1977); for biting in blue sharks, see Stevens (1974) and Pratt (1979); for thick skin in blue sharks, see Pratt (1979); for thick skin and biting in round stingrays, see Nordell (1994); for biting in
Falcatus falcatus,
see Lund (1990). For penis fencing in
Pseudoceros bifurcus,
see Michiels and Newman (1998).
Falcatus falcatus,
see Lund (1990). For penis fencing in
Pseudoceros bifurcus,
see Michiels and Newman (1998).
Don't Know Much about Anatomy in the Rockies
For rape in sagebrush crickets, see Sakaluk et al. (1995); for female feeding behavior, see Morris et al. (1989), Eggert and Sakaluk (1994), and Sakaluk et al. (1995). With respect to rape, scorpionfly species have more or less the same general biology; see Thornhill (1980). My account, however, particularly concerns
Panorpa latipennis.
For the use of the notal organ during rape in this species, see Thornhill (1980); for the burgling of spiderwebs, see Thornhill (1975). For reports of rape in lobsters, see Waddy and Aiken (1991); in fish, see Farr (1980); in turtles, see Berry and Shine (1980); in bats, see Pearson et al. (1952) and Thomas et al. (1979); in birds, see McKinney et al. (1983); in primates, see Mitani (1985) and Smuts and Smuts (1993). For rape in little brown bats, see Thomas et al. (1979). For rape in white-fronted bee-eaters, see Emlen and Wrege (1986); for their general biology, see Emlen and Wrege (1994). For rape in lesser snow geese, see Mineau and Cooke (1979) and Dunn et al. (1999). For rates of conception during rape in white-fronted bee-eaters, see Emlen and Wrege (1986) and Wrege and Emlen (1987); in lesser snow geese, see Dunn et al. (1999). For escape behavior in American lobsters, see Waddy and Aiken (1991); in scorpionflies, see Thornhill (1980); in white-fronted bee-eaters, see Emlen and Wrege (1986). For an example of male birds withdrawing help if they suspect infidelity, see Dixon et al. (1994); for female scorpionflies suffering lower predation rates, see Thornhill (1980). For evidence that females benefit from choosing their own mate, see Partridge (1980) (fruit flies) and Simmons (1987) (field crickets).
Panorpa latipennis.
For the use of the notal organ during rape in this species, see Thornhill (1980); for the burgling of spiderwebs, see Thornhill (1975). For reports of rape in lobsters, see Waddy and Aiken (1991); in fish, see Farr (1980); in turtles, see Berry and Shine (1980); in bats, see Pearson et al. (1952) and Thomas et al. (1979); in birds, see McKinney et al. (1983); in primates, see Mitani (1985) and Smuts and Smuts (1993). For rape in little brown bats, see Thomas et al. (1979). For rape in white-fronted bee-eaters, see Emlen and Wrege (1986); for their general biology, see Emlen and Wrege (1994). For rape in lesser snow geese, see Mineau and Cooke (1979) and Dunn et al. (1999). For rates of conception during rape in white-fronted bee-eaters, see Emlen and Wrege (1986) and Wrege and Emlen (1987); in lesser snow geese, see Dunn et al. (1999). For escape behavior in American lobsters, see Waddy and Aiken (1991); in scorpionflies, see Thornhill (1980); in white-fronted bee-eaters, see Emlen and Wrege (1986). For an example of male birds withdrawing help if they suspect infidelity, see Dixon et al. (1994); for female scorpionflies suffering lower predation rates, see Thornhill (1980). For evidence that females benefit from choosing their own mate, see Partridge (1980) (fruit flies) and Simmons (1987) (field crickets).
Chapter 8: Hell Hath No Fury
| Moorhen | Gallinula chloropus |
| Seed-harvester ant | Veromessor pergandei |
| Smooth newt | Triturus vulgaris vulgaris |
| Darwin frog | Rhinoderma darwinii |
| Japanese cardinal fish | Apogon doederleini |
| Burying beetle | Nicrophorus defodiens |
| House sparrow | Passer domesticus |
| Great reed warbler | Acrocephalus arundinaceus |
| Pied flycatcher | Facedula hypoleuca |
| Starling | Sturnus vulgaris |
| Northern harrier | Circus cyaneus |
| Blue tit | Parus caeruleus |
Bring Back the Ladies in Norfolk
For lethal fighting among female thrips, see Crespi (1992); in seed-harvester ants, see Rissing and Pollock (1987). For shortages of males in the smooth newt, see Waights (1996); for sperm limitation in the smooth newt, see Verrell (1986) and Verrell et al. (1986). For female quarreling in katydids, see Gwynne and Simmons (1990). For
Wolbachia
and severe shortages of males in
Acraea encedon,
see Jiggins et al. (1999). For female-female interference in the Majorcan midwife toad, see Bush and Bell (1997). For the biology of the Darwin frog, see Cei (1962), pages 110â15, and Goicoechea et al. (1986). For brood cannibalism in the Japanese cardinal fish, see Okuda and Yanagisawa (1996). For fighting between female moorhens, see Petrie (1983).
Wolbachia
and severe shortages of males in
Acraea encedon,
see Jiggins et al. (1999). For female-female interference in the Majorcan midwife toad, see Bush and Bell (1997). For the biology of the Darwin frog, see Cei (1962), pages 110â15, and Goicoechea et al. (1986). For brood cannibalism in the Japanese cardinal fish, see Okuda and Yanagisawa (1996). For fighting between female moorhens, see Petrie (1983).
I Hate the Trouble and Strife in Ontario
For general biology of burying beetles, see Milne and Milne (1976); for conflict between males and females in
Nacrophorus defodiens,
see Eggert and Sakaluk (1995). For evidence that female burying beetles sharing a carcass have fewer offspring each, see Trumbo and Fiore (1994); I learned of murderous behavior in
Nicrophorus defodiens
in an e-mail from Anne-Katrin Eggert. For egg smashing in the house sparrow, see Veiga (1990); in the great reed warbler, see Hansson et al. (1997). For evidence that female birds often lose male help if their mate takes an additional partner, see Webster (1991) and Slagsvold and Lifjeld (1994); for a general account of female hostility toward mistresses (in birds), see Slagsvold and Lifjeld (1994). For scolding in pied flycatchers, see Slagsvold et al. (1992). For lovey-dovey starlings, see Eens and Pinxten (1996). For aggression in northern harriers, see Simmons (1988); in blue tits, see Kempenaers (1995). For aggression (including singing, and filling up extra nest holes) in starlings, see Eens and Pinxten (1996) and Sandell and Smith (1997). For male starlings chasing their partner away, see Eens and Pinxten (1996) and Pinxten and Eens (1990). For general biology of
Lamprologus ocellatus,
see Brandtmann et al. (1999). For hermit crabs avoiding shells with holes in them, see Pechenik and Lewis (2000). For hydroids preferring to settle on shells occupied by hermit crabs, see Campbell (1974); for hermit crabs gaining protection
from hydroids, see Brooks and Gwaltney (1993); for hermit crabs harvesting anemones, see Branch and Branch (1998), caption to plate 67; for hydroids (and anemones) gaining protection from hermit crabs, see Brooks and Gwaltney (1993). For fish in Lake Tanganyika that use secondhand snail shells, and for size differences and shell stealing in
Lamprologus callipterus,
see Sato (1994). For fighting between female
Lamprologus ocellatus
, see Walter and Trillmich (1994) and Brandtmann et al. (1999); for male intervention, see Walter and Trillmich (1994).
Nacrophorus defodiens,
see Eggert and Sakaluk (1995). For evidence that female burying beetles sharing a carcass have fewer offspring each, see Trumbo and Fiore (1994); I learned of murderous behavior in
Nicrophorus defodiens
in an e-mail from Anne-Katrin Eggert. For egg smashing in the house sparrow, see Veiga (1990); in the great reed warbler, see Hansson et al. (1997). For evidence that female birds often lose male help if their mate takes an additional partner, see Webster (1991) and Slagsvold and Lifjeld (1994); for a general account of female hostility toward mistresses (in birds), see Slagsvold and Lifjeld (1994). For scolding in pied flycatchers, see Slagsvold et al. (1992). For lovey-dovey starlings, see Eens and Pinxten (1996). For aggression in northern harriers, see Simmons (1988); in blue tits, see Kempenaers (1995). For aggression (including singing, and filling up extra nest holes) in starlings, see Eens and Pinxten (1996) and Sandell and Smith (1997). For male starlings chasing their partner away, see Eens and Pinxten (1996) and Pinxten and Eens (1990). For general biology of
Lamprologus ocellatus,
see Brandtmann et al. (1999). For hermit crabs avoiding shells with holes in them, see Pechenik and Lewis (2000). For hydroids preferring to settle on shells occupied by hermit crabs, see Campbell (1974); for hermit crabs gaining protection
from hydroids, see Brooks and Gwaltney (1993); for hermit crabs harvesting anemones, see Branch and Branch (1998), caption to plate 67; for hydroids (and anemones) gaining protection from hermit crabs, see Brooks and Gwaltney (1993). For fish in Lake Tanganyika that use secondhand snail shells, and for size differences and shell stealing in
Lamprologus callipterus,
see Sato (1994). For fighting between female
Lamprologus ocellatus
, see Walter and Trillmich (1994) and Brandtmann et al. (1999); for male intervention, see Walter and Trillmich (1994).
Chapter 9: Aphrodisiacs, Love Potions, and Other Recipes from Cupid's Kitchen
| Fruit fly | Drosophila melanogaster |
| Australian field cricket | Teleogryllus commodus |
| Housefly | Musca domestica |
| Red deer | Cervus elaphus |
| Rock-boring sea urchin | Echinometra mathaei |
| Oblong sea urchin | Echinometra oblonga |
| Manatee | Trichechus manatus |
| Bonobo | Pan paniscus |
| Adélie penguin | Pygoscelis adeliae |
| Bottle-nosed dolphin | Tursiops truncatus |
| Amazon River dolphin | Inia geoffrensis |
| Stump-tailed macaque | Macaca arctoides |
| Baboon | Papio anubis |
| Razorbill | Alca torda |
| Japanese macaque | Macaca fuscata |
| Rhesus monkey | Macaca mulatta |
Afraid I've Been Bewitched in Santa Barbara
For a general overview of the effects of seminal fluid, see Mann and Lutwak-Mann (1981) and Chen (1984); for the stimulation of egg production in the Australian field cricket, see Loher et al. (1981); for the composition of the seminal fluid of the housefly, see Andrés and Arnqvist (2001); for its effects, see Riemann et al. (1967). For the composition of fruit fly seminal fluid, see Chapman (2001); for male fruit flies using chemicals to disable the sperm of other males, see Harshman and Prout (1994); for male fruit flies protecting their own sperm, see Chapman (2001); for antiaphrodisiacs in fruit flies, see Mane et al. (1983); for the effects of sex peptide, see Wolfner (1997). For
Helix aspersa
and love darts, see Koene and Chase (1998) and Rogers and Chase (2001). For the aphrodisiac effects of roaring in red deer, see McComb (1987); for conception date and calf survival, see McComb (1987) and Clutton-Brock et al. (1988). For female houseflies resisting local males but not strangers, see Andrés and Arnqvist (2001). For the effects of forced monogamy on fruit flies, see Pitnick et al. (2001). Information on shrimp
that live in glass sponges is sparse, but see Berggren (1993) and Saito and Konishi (1999). For the evolution of supermales in fruit flies, see Rice (1996).
Helix aspersa
and love darts, see Koene and Chase (1998) and Rogers and Chase (2001). For the aphrodisiac effects of roaring in red deer, see McComb (1987); for conception date and calf survival, see McComb (1987) and Clutton-Brock et al. (1988). For female houseflies resisting local males but not strangers, see Andrés and Arnqvist (2001). For the effects of forced monogamy on fruit flies, see Pitnick et al. (2001). Information on shrimp
that live in glass sponges is sparse, but see Berggren (1993) and Saito and Konishi (1999). For the evolution of supermales in fruit flies, see Rice (1996).
Desperate to Be à la Mode in Hawaii
For bindin-egg affinities in the rock-boring sea urchin, see Palumbi (1999); for genetic differences between sea urchin species, see Palumbi and Metz (1991). For rapid evolution of reproductive proteins in sea urchins, see Metz and Palumbi (1996); in mammals, see Swanson et al. (2001); in fruit flies, see Aguade (1999); in abalone, see Metz et al. (1998). For the notion that sexual conflict can drive the origin of species, see Rice and Hostert (1993); for speciation and rapid evolution of reproductive proteins, see Swanson and Vacquier (2002); for the association between the formation of new insect species and female remating rate, see Arnqvist et al. (2000). For the evolution of the abalone VERL and lysin, see Metz et al. (1998), Swanson and Vacquier (1997), Swanson and Vacquier (1998), Yang et al. (2000), and Swanson et al. (2001). For the evolution of genes containing short repeated units and their role in human disease, see Mitas (1997); for concerted evolutionâthe evolution of genes containing large repeated unitsâsee Elder and Turner (1995).
Don't Want No Homo in the Florida Keys
For homosexual behavior in bonobos, see de Waal (1989), pages 201-04; in penguins, see Davis et al. (1998); in bottle-nosed dolphins, see McBride and Hebb (1948), Brown and Norris (1956), and Tavolga (1966); in Amazon River dolphins, see Pilleri et al. (1980), Sylvestre (1985), and Best and da Silva (1989); in manatees, see Hartman (1979). For a general source on homosexual behavior in animals, see the appendix to Bagemihl (1999). For orgasms in homosexual interactions in female stump-tailed macaques, see Goldfoot et al. (1980); in heterosexual interactions, see Slob et al. (1986). For homosexual behavior and cooperation in baboons, see Smuts and Watanabe (1990). For homosexual mounting in razorbills, see Wagner (1996). For homosexual octopuses, see Lutz and Voight (1994); for lesbian gulls, see Kovacs and Ryder (1983), Hunt et al. (1984), and Conover and Hunt (1984). For reports of genes involved in human homosexuality, see Hamer et al. (1993) and Hu et al. (1995); for a failure to replicate these results, see Rice et al. (1999). For homosexual behavior in fruit flies, see Hall (1994), Ryner et al. (1996), and Yamamoto et al. (1997). For flies that won't have sex in the dark, see Sharma (1977). For competition for female Japanese macaques, see Vasey (1998); for anal sex in rhesus monkeys, see Erwin and Maple (1976). For a discussion of the difficulties of measuring the prevalence of homosexuality in humans, see LeVay (1996), chapter 2. For general discussions of the evolution of kin-directed altruism, see Hamilton (1996); for the notion that this could explain homosexuality see Wilson (1975), pages 343â44. For social structure and reproductive suppression in termites, see Wilson (1971), chapter 10; in wolves, see Nowak (1999), page 667; in naked mole rats,
see Faulkes and Bennett (2001); in shrimp, see Duffy (1996). I believe that Hutchinson (1959) was the first to posit heterozygote advantage as a possible explanation for homosexuality. For heterozygote advantage and resistance to malaria, see any genetics textbook. For a theoretical treatment of genes beneficial in one sex spreading despite being detrimental in the other, see Rice (1984); for evidence, see Chippindale et al. (2001). The notion that this could account for the evolution of homosexuality is, as far as I know, original to Dr. Tatiana.
see Faulkes and Bennett (2001); in shrimp, see Duffy (1996). I believe that Hutchinson (1959) was the first to posit heterozygote advantage as a possible explanation for homosexuality. For heterozygote advantage and resistance to malaria, see any genetics textbook. For a theoretical treatment of genes beneficial in one sex spreading despite being detrimental in the other, see Rice (1984); for evidence, see Chippindale et al. (2001). The notion that this could account for the evolution of homosexuality is, as far as I know, original to Dr. Tatiana.
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