Read Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation Online

Authors: Olivia Judson

Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation (29 page)

BOOK: Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation
5.84Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads
Chapter 13: Wholly Virgin
For general biology of bdelloid rotifers, see Donner (1966) and Ricci (1987). David Mark Welch kindly told me that the age of the bdelloid rotifers, based on
molecular evidence, is eighty-five million years. The problem of the evolution of sex has been discussed many times: see, for example, Maynard Smith (1978), Bell (1982), and Kondrashov (1993). For the particular problem posed by the bdelloid rotifers, see Maynard Smith (1986) and Judson and Normark (1996). Maynard Smith (1986) dubbed the bdelloid rotifers an “evolutionary scandal.” My description of the cost of sex is drawn from Maynard Smith (1978), page 3. My account of bacterial sex is based on Levin (1988), Maynard Smith et al. (1993), and Davies (1994); for viral sex, see Chao (1992). An account of meiosis can be found in any basic genetics textbook.
For other putative ancient asexuals, see Judson and Normark (1996), although for the age of the darwinulid ostracods, see Butlin et al. (1999). For the discrediting of the chaetonotid gastrotrichs, see Weiss and Levy (1979); of the aphids, see Normark (1999). Ben Normark kindly told me of the discovery of males. Hurst et al. (1992) and Little and Hebert (1996) cast doubt on the existence of ancient asexuals. For the pattern of molecular evolution that you expect to observe in an ancient asexual lineage, see Judson and Normark (1996) and Birky (1996). For proof that the bdelloid rotifers have the expected pattern and have therefore been without sex for millions of years, see Mark Welch and Meselson (2000).
The notion that asexuals cannot evolve is extremely common. For the number and general distribution of bdelloid species, see Ricci (1987); for evidence that bdelloids occur in the Antarctic, see Everitt (1981); for the lives of seisonid rotifers, see Ricci (1992). In arguing that most mutations are neutral, Miss
Philodina
is adopting the position of Kimura (1983).
Muller (1964) proposed the ratchet. It has been commented on extensively; for how asexuals can evade the ratchet, see Judson and Normark (1996). The hatchet mechanism was proposed by Kondrashov (1984) and Kondrashov (1988). For a general account of
Atta colombica
and the fungus, see Wilson (1971), pages 41—48; for evidence that the fungus is an ancient asexual, see Chapela et al. (1994), especially note 19; for all details of
Escovopsis,
see Currie et al. (1999). The idea that parasites are important in maintaining sex and variation was suggested by Haldane (1949), Bremermann (1980), Hamilton (1980), and Tooby (1982); Bell (1982) christened this theory the Red Queen. See Carroll (1871) for the Red Queen quotation. For clonal reproduction in armadillos, see Loughry et al. (1998); for the armadillo's penis, see Wassersug (1997). Ladle et al. (1993) suggested ancient asexuals can escape the Red Queen if they disperse without parasites. For the survival of bdelloid rotifers after anhydrobiosis, see Ricci (1987).
 
Postscript
For the idea that sex arose through cannibalism, see Margulis and Sagan (1986); for the notion that it arose through the action of genetic elements trying to promote their own spread, see Hickey and Rose (1988); for the notion that it arose to enable
DNA
repair, see Bernstein et al. (1988).
Abele, L. G., and S. Gilchrist, 1977. Homosexual rape and sexual selection in Acanthocephalan worms.
Science
197: 81–83.
Adamson, M. L., 1989. Evolutionary biology of the oxyurida (Nematoda): Bio-facies of a haplodiploid taxon.
Advances in Parasitology
28: 175–228.
Afzelius, B. A., B. Baccetti, and R. Dallai, 1976. The giant spermatozoon of
Notonecta. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology
8: 149–61.
Afzelius, B. A., and R. Dallai, 1983. The paired spermatozoa of the marine snail,
Turritella communis
Lamarck (Mollusca, Mesogastropoda).
Journal of Ultrastructure Research
85: 311–19.
Aguadé, M., 1999. Positive selection drives the evolution of the
Acp29AB
accessory gland protein in
Drosophila. Genetics
152: 548–51.
Ahlgren, M., 1975. Sperm transport to and survival in the human fallopian tube.
Gynecologic Investigation
6: 206–14.
Alatalo, R. V, J. Höglund, A. Lundberg, and W J. Sutherland, 1992. Evolution of black grouse leks: Female preferences benefit males in larger leks.
Behavioral Ecology
3: 53–59.
Alcock, J., 1996. The relation between male body size, fighting, and mating success in Dawson's burrowing bee,
Amegilla dawsoni
(Apidae, Apinae, Antho-phorini).
Journal of Zoology
239: 663–74.
Alcock, J., G. C. Eickwort, and K. R. Eickwort, 1977. The reproductive behavior of
Anthidium maculosum
(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and the evolutionary significance of multiple copulations by females.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2
:
385–96.
Aldrich, J. M., and L. A. Turley, 1899. A balloon-making fly.
American Naturalist
33: 809–12.
Anderson, P. K., and A. Birtles, 1978. Behaviour and ecology of the dugong,
Dugong dugon
(Sirenia): Observations in Shoalwater and Cleveland Bays, Queensland.
Australian Wildlife Research
5: 1–23.
Andersson, M., 1994.
Sexual Selection.
Princeton University Press.
Andrade, M. C. B., 1996. Sexual selection for male sacrifice in the Australian redback spider.
Science
271: 70–72.
————, 1998. Female hunger can explain variation in cannibalistic behavior despite male sacrifice in redback spiders.
Behavioral Ecology
9: 33–42.
André, F, and N. Davant, 1972. L'autofecondation chez les lombriciens. Observation d'un cas d'autoinsemination chez
Dendrobaena rubida f. subrubicunda Eisen. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France
97: 725–28.
Andrés, J. A., and G. Arnqvist, 2001. Genetic divergence of the seminal signal-receptor system in houseflies: The footprints of sexually antagonistic coevolution?
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B
268: 399–405.
Anstett, M. C., M. Hossaert-McKey and F. Kjellberg, 1997. Figs and fig pollinators: Evolutionary conflicts in a coevolved mutualism.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12: 94–99.
Arnold, S. J., 1976. Sexual behavior, sexual interference, and sexual defense in the salamanders
Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma tigrinum, and Plethodon jordani. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
42: 247–300.
Arnqvist, G., 1992. Pre-copulatory fighting in a water strider: Inter-sexual conflict or mate assessment?
Animal Behaviour
43: 559–67.
————, 1998. Comparative evidence for the evolution of genitalia by sexual selection.
Nature
393: 784–86.
Arnqvist, G., M. Edvardsson, U. Friberg, and T. Nilsson, 2000. Sexual conflict promotes speciation in insects.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:
10460–64.
Ashton, G. C., 1980. Mismatches in genetic markers in a large family study
American Journal of Human Genetics
32: 601–13.
Atkinson, W D., 1979. A comparison of the reproductive strategies of domestic species of
Drosophila. Journal of Animal Ecology
48: 53–64.
Austad, S. N., and R. Thornhill, 1986. Female reproductive variation in a nuptial-feeding spider,
Pisaura mirabilis. Bulletin/British Arachnological Society
7: 48–52.
Bacci, G., 1965.
Sex Determination.
Pergamon Press.
Bagemihl, B., 1999.
Biological Exuberance.
St. Martin's Press.
Bailey J., 1997. Building a plasmodium: Development in the acellular slime mould
Physarum polycephalum. BioEssays
19: 985–92.
Banta, A. M., 1914. Sex recognition and the mating behavior of the wood frog,
Rana sylvatica. Biological Bulletin
26: 171–83.
Barker, D. M., 1992. Evolution of sperm shortage in a selfing hermaphrodite.
Evolution
46: 1951–55.
————, 1994. Copulatory plugs and paternity assurance in the nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans. Animal Behaviour
48: 147–56.
Barratt, C. L. R., A. E. Bolton, and I. D. Cooke, 1990. Functional significance of white blood cells in the male and female reproductive tract.
Human Reproduction
5: 639–48.
Bass, A., 1992. Dimorphic male brains and alternative reproductive tactics in a vocalizing fish.
Trends in Neuroscience
15: 139–45.
Bass, A., and K. Andersen, 1991. Inter- and intrasexual dimorphisms in the vocal control system of a teleost fish: Motor axon number and size.
Brain, Behavior and Evolution
37: 204–14.
Bateman, A. J., 1948. Intra-sexual selection in
Drosophila. Heredity
2: 349–68.
Baur, B., 1998. Sperm competition in molluscs. In
Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection,
ed. T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller. Academic Press.
Baylis, J. R., 1981. The evolution of parental care in fishes, with reference to Darwin's rule of male sexual selection.
Environmental Biology of Fishes
6: 223–51.
Beatty, R. A., 1960. Fertility of mixed semen from different rabbits.
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility
1: 52–60.
Beauchamp, G. K., K. Yamazaki, and E. A. Boyse, 1985. The chemosensory recognition of genetic individuality
Scientific American
253 (July): 66–72.
Beer, A. E., J. F. Quebbeman, and J. W. T. Ayers, 1982. The immunobiology of abortion. In
Immunological Factors in Human Reproduction,
ed. S. Shulman, F. Dondero, and M. Nicotra. Academic Press.
Bell, G., 1982.
The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality.
University of California Press.
Bell, P D., 1979. Acoustic attraction of herons by crickets.
New York Entomological Society
87: 126–27.
Berggren, M., 1993.
Spongiocaris hexactinellicola,
a new species of stenopodidean shrimp (Decapoda: Stenopodidae) associated with hexactinellid sponges from Tartar Bank, Bahamas.
Journal of Crustacean Biology
13: 784–92.
Berglund, A., 1986. Sex change by a polychaete: Effects of social and reproductive costs.
Ecology
67: 837–45.
Bernstein, H., F. A. Hopf, and R. E. Michod, 1988. Is meiotic recombination an adaptation for repairing DNA, producing genetic variation, or both? In
The Evolution of Sex: An Examination of Current Ideas,
ed. R. E. Michod and B. R. Levin. Sinauer.
Berry, J. F., and R. Shine, 1980. Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles (Order Testudines).
Oecologia
44: 185–91.
Bertelsen, E., 1951.
The Ceratioid Fishes: Ontogeny, Taxonomy, Distribution and Biology.
DANA-Report 39. Carlsberg Foundation.
Best, R. C., and V M. F. da Silva, 1989. Amazon river dolphin, Boto
Inia geoffrensis
(de Blainville, 1817). In
Handbook of Marine Mammals.
Vol. 4:
River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed Whales,
ed. S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison. Academic Press.
Bierzychudek, P., 1981. Pollinator limitation of plant reproductive effort.
American Naturalist
117: 838–40.
————, 1987. Pollinators increase the cost of sex by avoiding female flowers.
Ecology
68: 444–47.
Birkhead, T. R., 1998. Cryptic female choice: Criteria for establishing female sperm choice.
Evolution
52: 1212–18.
Birkhead, T R., F. Fletcher, E. J. Pellatt, and A. Staples, 1995. Ejaculate quality and the success of extra-pair copulations in the zebra finch.
Nature
377: 422-23.
Birkhead, T R., A. P. Møller, and W J. Sutherland, 1993. Why do females make it so difficult for males to fertilize their eggs?
Journal of Theoretical Biology
161: 51–60.
Birky, C. W, Jr., 1996. Heterozygosity heteromorphy and phylogenetic trees in asexual eukaryotes.
Genetics
144: 427–37.
Blumer, L. S., 1979. Male parental care in the bony fishes.
Quarterly Review of Biology
54: 149–61.
Boarder, A., 1968. Coldwater queries.
Aquarist and Pondkeeper
33: 430–31.
Borgia, G., 1980. Sexual competition in
Scatophaga stercoraria:
Size- and density-related changes in male ability to capture females.
Behaviour
75: 185–206.
————, 1981. Mate selection in the fly
Scatophaga stercoraria:
Female choice in a male-controlled system.
Animal Behaviour
29: 71–80.
————, 1985a. Bower destruction and sexual competition in the satin bowerbird (
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
).
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
18: 91–100.
————, 1985b. Bower quality, number of decorations, and mating success of male satin bowerbirds (
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
): An experimental analysis.
Animal Behaviour 33:
266–71.
Borgia, G., and M. A. Gore, 1986. Feather stealing in the satin bowerbird (
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
): Male competition and the quality of display.
Animal Behaviour
34: 727–38.
Bourgeron, T, 2000. Mitochondrial function and male infertility.
Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
28: 187–210.
Bradbury, J. W, 1977. Lek mating behavior in the hammer-headed bat.
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
45: 225–55.
Branch, G., and M. Branch, 1998.
The Living Shores of Southern Africa.
Struik.
Brandtmann, G., M. Scandura, and F Trillmich, 1999. Female-female conflict in the harem of a snail cichlid (
Lamprologus ocellatus
): Behavioural interactions and fitness consequences.
Behaviour
136: 1123–44.
Brantley R. K., and A. H. Bass, 1994. Alternative male spawning tactics and acoustic signals in the plainfin midshipman fish
Porichthys notatus
Girard (Teleostei, Batrachoididae).
Ethology
96: 213–32.
Bremermann, H. J., 1980. Sex and polymorphism as strategies in host-pathogen interactions.
Journal of Theoretical Biology
87: 671–702.
Bressac, C., A. Fleury, and D. Lachaise, 1994. Another way of being anisogamous in
Drosophila
subgenus species: Giant sperm, one-to-one gamete ratio,
and high zygote provisioning.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Use
91
:
10399–402.
Bristowe, W S., 1958.
The World of Spiders.
Collins.
Brockmann, H. J., and D. Penn, 1992. Male mating tactics in the horseshoe crab,
Limulus polyphemus. Animal Behaviour
44: 653–65.
Brooker, M. G., I. Rowley M. Adams, and P. R. Baverstock, 1990. Promiscuity: An inbreeding avoidance mechanism in a socially monogamous species?
Behavorial Ecology and Sociobiology
26: 191–99.
Brooks, W R., and C. L. Gwaltney 1993. Protection of symbiotic cnidarians by their hermit crab hosts: Evidence for mutualism.
Symbiosis
15: 1–13.
Brotherton, P. N. M., J. M. Pemberton, P. E. Komers, and G. Malarky, 1997. Genetic and behavioural evidence of monogamy in a mammal, Kirk's dik-dik (
Madoqua kirkii
).
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B
264: 675–81.
Brotherton, P. N. M., and A. Rhodes, 1996. Monogamy without biparental care in a dwarf antelope.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B
263: 23–29.
Brown, D. H., and K. S. Norris, 1956. Observations of captive and wild cetaceans.
Journal of Mammalogy
37: 311–26.
BOOK: Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation
5.84Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

The Contessa's Vendetta by Mirella Sichirollo Patzer
Let the Dance Begin by Lynda Waterhouse
Gold Diggers by Tasmina Perry
Seven Days From Sunday (MP-5 CIA #1) by M. H. Sargent, Shelley Holloway
Sin by Violetta Rand
Legend of Witchtrot Road by E.J. Stevens