Defiant Spirits (55 page)

46. For information on the Battle of Mount Sorrel, see Nicholson,
Canadian Expeditionary Force,
pp. 131–37.

47. A.Y. Jackson, “in a dugout somewhere in Flanders,” to Georgina Jackson, Montreal, 10 April 1916, Naomi Jackson Grove Fonds, Box 96, File 19; and A.Y. Jackson, 457316 Signal Station, 60th Canadian Battalion, to J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, 31 May 1916,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 2.

48. Quoted in Watson,
Marginal Man,
p. 92.

49. The following details are found in a letter Jackson wrote to MacDonald: A.Y. Jackson, 247 Lees Road, Oldham, to J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, 10 September 1916,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 2.

50. A description of the No. 1 Canadian General Hospital can be found in the Sophie Hoerner Fonds, Letters 1915–1917,
MG
30
E
290,
LAC
.

CHAPTER 4: THE LINE OF BEAUTY

1. Bruce Cane, ed.,
It Made You Think of Home: The Haunting Journal of Deward Barnes, Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1916–1919
(Toronto: Dundurn, 2004), p. 32.

2. Keshen,
Propaganda and Censorship during Canada's Great War,
pp. 32–33; and
Toronto Daily Star,
11 July 1916.

3. Accounts of Thomson painting the sketch are found in Harris,
The Story of the Group
of Seven,
p. 19, and two letters written by Dr. MacCallum in 1921, quoted in Hill,
“Tom Thomson, Painter,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
p. 137. For Turner's adventures on board
the
Ariel,
see Kenneth Clark,
The Romantic Rebellion: Romantic versus Classic Art
(London: John Murray, 1973), p. 243.

4. Dr. James M. MacCallum Papers, National Gallery of Canada Archives, quoted in J. Murray, “Tom Thomson's Letters,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
p. 302.

5. Ed Godin to Blodwen Davies, 17 November 1930, Blodwen Davies Fonds.

6. Dr. James M. MacCallum Papers, National Gallery of Canada Archives, quoted in J. Murray, “Tom Thomson's Letters,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
p. 302.

7. Thomson wrote to MacDonald on the bottom of a letter he received from Eric Brown:
Eric Brown, Ottawa, to Tom Thomson, 28 June 1916,
MCAC
Archives.

8. Quoted in Kelly,
J.E.H. MacDonald, Lewis Smith, Edith Smith,
p. 9.

9. Quoted in ibid., p. 16.

10. Quoted in Grigor,
Arthur Lismer,
p. 36.

11. Darroch,
Bright Land,
p. 37.

12. Quoted in McLeish,
September Gale,
pp. 57–58.

13. Quoted in Tooby,
Our Home and Native Land,
unpaginated.

14. E.T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, eds.,
The Works of John Ruskin,
39 vols.
(London: George Allen, 1903–12), vol. 11, p. 263.

15. E.T. Cook and Wedderburn,
The Works of John Ruskin,
vol. 27, p. 96.

16. Grigor,
Arthur Lismer,
p. 9.

17. Arthur Lismer, Bedford,
NS
, to Dr. James M. MacCallum, 20 December 1916,
MCAC
Archives.

18. J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, to Arthur Lismer, Bedford,
NS
, 21 December 1916,
MCAC
Archives.

19. Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
p. 52.

20. Brian Winter,
Chronicles of a County Town: Whitby Past and Present
(self-published, 1999), p. 299.

21. Mark Robinson, letter to Blodwen Davies, 11 May 1930, Blodwen Davies Fonds.
For a good overview of McGillivray's career, see J. Murray,
Tom Thomson:
Design for a Canadian Hero,
p. 77; and idem.,
The Birth of the Modern,
pp. 96–97.

22. Mark Robinson, letter to Blodwen Davies, 11 May 1930, Blodwen Davies Fonds.

23. P.G. Hamerton, quoted in Flint,
The Impressionists in England,
p. 95.

24.
Burlington Magazine,
January 1910, reprinted in Reed,
A Roger Fry Reader,
p. 76.

25.
Gil Blas,
20 March 1906; and
L'Aurore,
22 March 1906. For much of the following information on Fauves, the decorative landscape and the arabesque, I am indebted
to Roger Benjamin, “The Decorative Landscape, Fauvism and the Arabesque
of Observation,”
The Art Bulletin
75 (June 1993), pp. 295–316.

26. Paul Signac,
D'Eugène Delacroix au néo-impressionisme
(Paris: H. Floury, 1911), p. 89.
This work was first published in 1899.

27. Maurice Denis,
Théories, 1890–1910: Du symbolisme et de Gauguin vers un nouvel ordre classique
(Paris: L. Rouart et J. Watelin, 1920), p. 170.

28. A.Y. Jackson, Canoe Lake, to J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, 14 February 1914,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 2.

29.
The International Studio,
31 September 1919.

30.
Gil Blas,
20 March 1906.

31. André Lhote,
La Peinture, le coeur et l'esprit: Correspondance inédite (1907–1924),
2 vols., ed. Alain Rivière, Jean-Georges Morgenthaler and Françoise Garcia
(Bordeaux: Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 29–30.

32. See Sandra Nadaff,
Arabesque: Narrative Structure and the Aesthetics of Repetition in the 1001 Nights
(Evanston,
IL
: Northwestern University Press, 1991), p. 113.

33. Félix Fénéon,
Oeuvres plus que complètes,
ed. Joan U. Halperin (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1970), vol. 1, p. 177. On Signac's use of the arabesque, see Roslak,
Neo-Impressionism and Anarchism in Fin-de-Siècle France,
pp. 162–66.

34. Jack Flam, ed.,
Matisse on Art
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), p. 210.

35. Quoted in Christopher Butler,
Early Modernism: Literature, Music, and Painting in Europe, 1900–1916
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 35. For Matisse's expression
of abstract ideas through the arabesque, see also Flam's “Introduction: A Life in Words
and Pictures,”
Matisse on Art,
pp. 17–1.

36. Quoted in Miller,
Our Glory and Our Grief,
p. 56.

37.
Ottawa Evening Journal,
18 November 1916.

38. Miller,
Our Glory and Our Grief,
pp. 53, 57.

39. Quoted in Keshen,
Propaganda and Censorship during Canada's Great War,
pp. 12–13.

40. Quoted in Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson,
The Somme
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 314; and Martin Gilbert,
The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First
World War
(New York: Henry Holt, 2006), p. 243.

41. Edward A. Johnson,
Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 100.

42. For the classic statement of this idea, see Margaret Atwood,
Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature.

43. Jaroslav Folda,
Crusader Art in the Holy Land: From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 297.

44. Quoted in J. Murray, “Tom Thomson's Letters,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
pp. 303–4.

45.
Saturday Night,
25 December 1926. On John Sloan Gordon's career, see D. Grace Inglis, “John Sloan Gordon,” in
Dictionary of Hamilton Biography,
vol. 3 (1925–1939)
(W.L. Griffin: Hamilton, 1992), pp. 78–79. For his interactions with Thomson,
see Paul Duval,
Canadian Water Colour Painting
(Toronto: Burns & MacEachern, 1954),
p. 297.

46.
Owen Sound Sun,
10 April 1917.

CHAPTER 5: IMPERISHABLE SPLENDOUR

1. A.Y. Jackson, Brundall House Hospital, Brundall, Norfolk, to Arthur Lismer,
25 June 1916,
MCAC
Archives.

2. A.Y. Jackson, Lakenham Military Hospital, Norwich, to Georgina Jackson, 14 June 1916, Naomi Jackson Grove Fonds, Box 96, File 18.

3. Quoted in Watson,
Marginal Man,
p. 77.

4. Quoted in Watson,
Marginal Man,
p. 92. For Watson's discussion of Harold Innis's psychological scars and reticence to speak of his experiences, see pp. 77–79.

5. Quoted in Eric J. Leed,
No Man's Land: Combat and Identity in World War
I
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 171.

6. A.Y. Jackson, Brundall House Hospital, Brundall, Norfolk, to Arthur Lismer,
25 June 1916,
MCAC
Archives. For Jackson's reunion with Baker-Clack, see Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
p. 43.

7. Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
pp. 43–44.

8. A.Y. Jackson, Brundall House Hospital, Brundall, Norfolk, to Arthur Lismer,
25 June 1916,
MCAC
Archives.

9. A.Y. Jackson, St. Leonard's, East Sussex, to Catherine Breithaupt, 9 April 1917, Catherine Breithaupt Bennett Papers.

10. See Rosa M. Breithaupt, diary entry, 21 May 1913, Breithaupt Hewetson Clark Collection, University of Waterloo Library; and Rosa M. Breithaupt, interview with
H. Spencer Clark.

11. A.Y. Jackson, to Catherine Breithaupt, 9 April 1917, Catherine Breithaupt Bennett Papers.

12.
The Times,
10 April 1917.

13. Brown and R. Cook,
Canada, 1896–1921,
p. 218.

14.
The Times,
3 July 1917.

15.
Ottawa Citizen,
3 July 1917.

16. J.L. Granatstein, “Conscription in the Great War,” in MacKenzie,
Canada and the
First World War,
p. 67.

17. See
The Times,
10 August 1917.

18.
Toronto Daily Star,
7 July 1917.

19.
Toronto Daily Star,
4 July 1917.

20.
The Times,
10 August 1917.

CHAPTER 6: SHADES OF GREY

1. Tom Thomson to John Thomson, letter postmarked 16 April 1917, quoted in J. Murray,
“Tom Thomson's Letters,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
p. 303.

2. Tom Thomson to Tom Harkness, letter postmarked 23 April 1917, quoted in
J. Murray, “Tom Thomson's Letters,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
p. 305.

3. This claim is made by Mark Robinson: see the transcript of interview, p. 10. The
Toronto Daily Star
reported the death of Charles L. Scrim at the age of thirty-two in its
10 February 1921 edition.

4. R.P. Little, “Some Recollections of Tom Thomson,” p. 216.

5. Mark Robinson, letter to Blodwen Davies, 23 March 1930, Blodwen Davies Fonds.

6. Quoted in Joan Murray,
Tom Thomson: The Last Spring
(Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994),
p. 95.

7. R.P. Little, “Some Recollections of Tom Thomson,” p. 212.

8. Clemson,
Algonquin Voices,
p. 165.

9. Addison and Harwood,
Tom Thomson,
p.59.

10. Laing,
Memoirs of an Art Dealer,
vol. 1, p. 82.

11. These photographs have been published in Reid, “Photographs by Tom Thomson,”
nos. 38 and 39. Reid notes that these rings “have not been explained” (ibid., p. 10, note 35).

12. Addison and Harwood,
Tom Thomson,
p. 93.

13. Margaret Thomson, Timmins,
ON
, to Dr. James M. MacCallum, 9 September 1917,
Dr. James M. MacCallum Papers.

14. Mark Robinson to Blodwen Davies, 4 September 1930, Blodwen Davies Fonds.

15. Mark Robinson, transcript of interview, p. 17.

16. William T. Little,
The Tom Thomson Mystery
(Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1970), p. 30.

17. William Broadhead to the Broadhead family,
LD
1980/34, Sheffield Archives.

18. Tom Thomson to John Thomson, postmarked 16 April 1917, Tom Thomson Papers, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa,
MG
30-
D
284.

19. Daphne Crombie, quoted in J. Murray,
Tom Thomson: The Last Spring,
p. 96; R.P. Little, “Some Recollections of Tom Thomson,” p. 219.

20. Mark Robinson, transcript of interview, p. 13.

21.
The Complete Letters of Vincent van Gogh,
ed. and trans. Mrs. Robert Amussen et al., vol. 3 (London: Thames & Hudson, 1978), p. 28.

22. Mark Robinson, transcript of interview, pp. 12–13.

23. Charles F. Plewman, “Reflections on the Passing of Tom Thomson,”
Canadian Camping Magazine
(Winter 1972), p. 9.

24. Quoted in J. Murray, “Tom Thomson's Letters,” in Reid,
Tom Thomson,
p. 306.

25. Alan H. Ross to Blodwen Davies, 1 June 1930, Blodwen Davies Fonds.

26. Quoted in J. Murray,
Tom Thomson: The Last Spring,
p. 94.

27. W.T. Little,
The Tom Thomson Mystery,
pp. 41–42.

28. Noble Sharpe, “The Canoe Lake Mystery,”
Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal
3 (June 31, 1970), p. 34.

29. Quoted in Watson,
Marginal Man,
p. 85.

30. Paul Litt, “Canada Invaded! The Great War, Mass Culture, and Canadian Cultural Nationalism,” in MacKenzie,
Canada and the First World War,
p. 339.

31. Mark Robinson, Daily Journal, 14 May 1917, Addison Family Fonds, 97-011, Trent University Archives, Peterborough Ontario.

32. See Grant W. Grams, “Karl Respa and German Espionage in Canada during
World War One,”
Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
8 (Fall 2005), available online at �
http://www.jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/157/179
.