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108
. Thiébault,
Mémoires
, v. p. 295.
 
109
. Some examples can be found in Chuquet (ed.),
Lettres de 1815
, pp. 319–27.
 
110
. (Lieutenant) Anciaume, ‘Lettres d’un vélite’,
La curiosité historique et militaire
, 25 (1895), 30.
 
111
. Cited in Bodinier, ‘Officiers et soldats de l’armée impériale’, in
Napoléon de l’histoire à la légende
, p. 220.
 
112
. Etienne-Maurice Deschamps,
Souvenirs militaires, persécutions sous la Restauration, songe, etc.
(Pontarlier, 1835), p. 139.
 
113
. Frédéric-Charles-Louis-François de Paule, commandant de Lauthonnye, ‘Ma vie militaire (1789–1860)’,
Carnet de la Sabretache
, 10 (1911), 295.
 
114
. Robinaux,
Journal de route
, p. 203.
 
115
. Alexandre de Puymaigre,
Souvenirs sur l’émigration, l’Empire et la Restauration
(Paris, 1884), pp. 198–9.
 
116
. Waresquiel,
Les Cents Jours
, p. 70.
 
117
. Hippolyte d’Espinchal,
Souvenirs militaires, 1792–1814
, 2 vols (Paris, 1901), ii. pp. 337–8.
 
118
. Poumiès de la Siboutie,
Souvenirs
, pp. 157–8; ‘Waterloo – Lettre d’un officier genevois du 45e’,
Carnet de la Sabretache
, 3 (1895), 495–6.
 
119
. See, for example, John Cam Hobhouse,
The Substance of Some Letters Written by an Englishman Resident at Paris During the Last Reign of the Emperor Napoleon
, 2 vols (London, 1816), i. pp. 178–9; Helen Maria Williams,
A Narrative of the Events which Have Taken Place in France From the Landing of Napoleon Bonaparte on the First of March, 1815, Till the Restoration of Louis XVIII
(Cleveland, 1815), pp. 63–4.
 
120
. Barante,
Souvenirs
, ii. p. 123.
 
121
. Madelin,
Fouché
, ii. pp. 369–79; Jean-Paul Bertaud,
L’abdication: 21–23 juin 1815
(Paris, 2011), pp. 42–3.
 
122
. See, for example, the letters from the municipality of Elbeuf, in Normandy, to Napoleon and Louis XVIII in Jeffry Kaplow,
Elbeuf during the Revolutionary Period: History and Social Structure
(Baltimore, 1964), pp. 254–5.
 
123
. AN AFIV 1935, Séance de la commission du gouvernement: finances, police, intérieur, rapport du commissaire Résigny à l’Empereur, 6 May 1815, cited in Pascal Cyr, ‘L’opposition des fonctionnaires pendant les cent-jours’,
Napoleonica. La Revue
, 3 (2008), 9.
 
124
. Brian Fitzpatrick, ‘The
Royaume du Midi
of 1815’, in David Laven and Lucy Riall (eds),
Napoleon’s Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe
(Oxford, 2000), pp. 172–3.
 
125
. Williams,
A Narrative of the Events which Have Taken Place in France
, p. 69; Marquise de Montcalm,
Mon journal, 1815–1818
(Paris, 1935), p. 42 (21 May 1815); Mansel,
Paris between Empires
, p. 79.
 
126
. Le Gallo,
Les Cent-Jours
, pp. 329–78, here p. 363.
 
127
. This was the case for the Somme (Bertaud,
L’abdication
, p. 95).
 
128

Molé
,
Le Comte Molé
, i. pp. 203–18; Jacques-Alain de Sédouy,
Le comte Molé ou La séduction du pouvoir
(Paris, 1994), pp. 105–8.
 
129
. Pasquier,
Mémoires
, iii. pp. 168–9; Frédéric Guillaume de Vaudoncourt,
Quinze années d’un proscrit
(Paris, 1835), ii. pp. 47–8.
 
130
. On 6 April 1815, sixty of the eighty-seven prefects were dismissed. On this see Jean Vidalenc, ‘Note sur les épurations de 1814 et de 1815’, in
Les Epurations administratives: XIXe et XXe siècles
(Geneva, 1977), pp. 63–8; Jean Tulard, ‘Les épurations en 1814 et 1815’,
Revue du Souvenir napoléonien
, 396 (1994), 5–21; Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘Le corps préfectoral entre dux pouvoirs (1814–1815)’, in Maurice Vaisse (ed.),
Les préfets, leur rôle, leur action dans le domaine de la défense de 1800 à nos jours
(Brussels, 2001), pp. 17–19; Cyr, ‘L’opposition des fonctionnaires pendant les cent-jours’.
 
131
. Ralph Kingston,
Bureaucrats and Bourgeois Society: Office Politics and Individual Credit in France, 1789–1848
(Basingstoke, 2012), pp. 69–71.
 
132
. Waresquiel,
Les Cents Jours
, p. 416.
 
133
. A selection of regional studies includes: Leuilliot,
La Première Restauration
, esp. pp. 179–269; Charles Alleaume,
Les Cent Jours dans le Var
(Draguignan, 1938). More needs to be done.
 
134
. For Lyons see Georges Ribe,
L’opinion publique et la vie politique à Lyon lors des premières années de la seconde Restauration
(Paris, 1957), pp. 37–44.
 
135
. Houssaye,
1815
, i. pp. 630–1.
 
136
. See Alexander,
Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France
, esp. pp. 21–46.
 
137
. Historians have suggested that most of the
fédérés
marched not out of loyalty to Napoleon but out of hatred for the Bourbons. See Le Gallo,
Les Cent-Jours
, p. 290; Bluche,
Le Bonapartisme
, p. 102; Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, iv. p. 426.
 
138
. Kare D. Tønneson, ‘Les Fédérés de Paris pendant les Cent Jours’,
Annales historiques de la Révolution française
, 249 (1982), 393–415; Bertaud,
L’abdication
, pp. 142–4.
 
139
. For Marseilles see Granville,
Private Correspondence
,
ii. p. 526 (16 March 1814).
 
140
. On the regional unrest caused by Napoleon’s return see Houssaye,
1815
, i. pp. 509–18; Roger Grand,
La Chouannerie de 1815
(Paris, 1942); Petiteau,
Les Français et l’Empire
, pp. 242–5.
 
141
. Francis Démier,
La France de la Restauration: 1814–1830: l’impossible retour du passé
(Paris, 2012), p. 106.
 

26: A Parody of Empire

1
.
The literature on the Restoration is considerable. Among more recent works relevant to an understanding of the problems facing the regime are: Robert Alexander,
Re-Writing the French Revolutionary Tradition
(Cambridge, 2003), esp. pp. 1–29; Munro Price,
The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions
(London, 2008), pp. 50–88; Démier,
La France de la Restauration
, pp. 86–152.
2
.
Constant,
Mémoires sur les Cent-Jours
, pp. 11–12, and his justification, pp. 205–6; Benjamin Constant, ‘De l’esprit de conquête’, in
Oeuvres: Benjamin Constant
(Paris, 1979), pp. 1031–2;
Journal des Débats
, 19 March 1815, in Ephraïm Harpaz (ed.),
Recueil d’articles, 1795–1817
(Geneva, 1978), pp. 149–51. See also Stéphane Rials, ‘La question constitutionelle en 1814–1815: dispersion des légitimités et convergence des techniques’,
Révolution et contre-révolution au XIXe siècle
(Paris, 1987), pp. 133–5; Dennis Michael Wood,
Benjamin Constant: A Biography
(London and New York, 1993), pp. 205–9, 213.
3
.
Wood,
Benjamin Constant
, pp. 214–15; Hazareesingh,
The Legend of Napoleon
, pp. 160–4, for this and the following.

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