Citizen Emperor (181 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 14 . | Anka Muhlstein, Napoléon à Moscou (Paris, 2007), pp. 16–17. |
| 15 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , pp. 283–5. |
| 16 . | Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise , pp. 22, 24 and 26; Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 163. |
| 17 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 763, 775; Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , ii. p. 265. |
| 18 . | Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze , i. p. 75; Soltyk, Napoléon en 1812 , pp. 27–8. Also, citing Tuchkov, in Serge Nabokov and Sophie de Lastours, Koutouzov: le vainqueur de Napoléon (Paris, 1990), p. 156. |
| 19 . | Corr. xxiii. n. 18855 (22 June 1812). |
| 20 . | Sayve, Souvenirs de Pologne , pp. 146–7; Denniée, Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon , p. 27; Soltyk, Napoléon en 1812 , pp. 46–8. They were treated even worse on the return leg of the invasion. See, for example, Labaume, Relation circonstanciée , pp. 363–4. |
| 21 . | Cited in Marie-Christiane Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France in the Period of the Napoleonic Wars as Revealed by Russian Memoirs (1807–14)’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , 86c (1986), 293; Josselson and Josselson, The Commander , pp. 77, 92–3. |
| 22 . | Christopher Duffy, Borodino and the War of 1812 (London, 1972), pp. 53–5; Josselson and Josselson, The Commander , p. 77; Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , pp. 124–5. It is an exaggeration to claim, however, that Alexander and Barclay de Tolly had outsmarted Napoleon. |
| 23 . | Bailleu (ed.), Briefwechsel König Friedrich Wilhelm , n. 198 (14 May 1811), pp. 219–22. |
| 24 . | Wilhelm von Oncken, Österreich und Preußen im Befreiungs-Kriege: urkundliche Aufschlüße über die politische Geschichte des Jahres 1813 , 2 vols (Berlin, 1876–9), ii. pp. 611–14 (13 August 1811). |
| 25 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , pp. 125–32, 149. Lieven believes that this kind of mission was little more than an excuse for intelligence gathering. Balashev was, in fact, accompanied by a young intelligence officer, Mikhail Orlov. |
| 26 . | Palmer, Alexander I , pp. 226–7; Josselson and Josselson, The Commander , p. 96. |
| 27 . | Sayve, Souvenirs de Pologne , p. 169; François, Journal , p. 645 (28 June 1812); Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 167. |
| 28 . | For the former, Ségur, Histoire et mémoires , iv. p. 148; Denniée, Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon , p. 24; and for the latter, Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 167. |
| 29 . | See also Josselson and Josselson, The Commander , pp. 86, 93–4, 95–6, 101–3 104; Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 150. |
| 30 . | Josselson and Josselson, The Commander , pp. 104–5; Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , p. 132. |
| 31 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 151. |
| 32 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. pp. 168, 173. Napoleon was supposedly helped to believe that the Russians would stand and fight by an agent in Lithuania who passed on disinformation (Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 148, and on other ‘missions’, pp. 149–50). |
| 33 . | Tatistcheff, Alexandre Ier et Napoléon , pp. 588–609; Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 171. |
| 34 . | Cited in Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 159. |
| 35 . | Tatistcheff, Alexandre Ier et Napoléon , p. 606; Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 160. |
| 36 . | Emmanuel de Waresquiel (ed.), Lettres d’un lion: correspondance inédite du général Mouton, comte de Lobau (1812–1815) (Paris, 2005), p. 59 (30 June 1812). |
| 37 . | Bellot de Kergorre, Journal , p. 47; Coignet, Note-Books , p. 207; B. T. Duverger, Mes Aventures dans la Campagne de Russie (Paris, 1833), p. 4. |
| 38 . | Denniée, Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon , pp. 21–2. Henri-Pierre Everts, ‘Campagne et captivité de Russie (1812–1813): extraits des Mémoires inédits du général-major H. p. Everts’, in Carnets et journal sur la campagne de Russie (Paris, 1997), p. 120, and Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 167, both give a figure of 10,000 dead horses. |
| 39 . | Corr. xxiv. n. 18925 (8 July 1812). |
| 40 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 186; Curtis Cate, The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel between Napoleon and Alexander – Russia, 1812 (New York, 1985), p. 255. Half of those again were lost at the battle of Borodino. |
| 41 . | Alexander M. Martin, ‘Lost Arcadia: The 1812 War and the Russian Images of Aristocratic Womanhood’, European History Quarterly , 37 (2007), 611–14. |
| 42 . | Aubin Dutheillet de Lamothe, Mémoires du lieutenant-colonel Aubin Dutheillet de Lamothe (Brussels, 1899), p. 39. |
| 43 . | Roos, Souvenirs , p. 84; Georges de Chambray, Histoire de l’expédition de Russie , 2 vols (Paris, 1823), i. pp. 103–6, 111–13. |
| 44 . | François, Journal , p. 645 (29 June 1812); Antony Brett-James, 1812: Eyewitness Accounts (New York, 1966), pp. 53–5. |
| 45 . | Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze , i. pp. 227–8. |
| 46 . | Roos, Souvenirs , p. 84. |
| 47 . | Coignet, Note-Books , p. 215. Similarly, Everts, ‘Campagne et captivité de Russie’, p. 125. |
| 48 . | Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 228. |
| 49 . | These figures vary according to the source. Before the arrival of the army at Vilnius, according to Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , ii. p. 278, more than 30,000 were roaming the countryside. |
| 50 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 309. |
| 51 . | Ducque, Journal , p. 11; Roos, Souvenirs , p. 81. |
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