Citizen Emperor (179 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 52 . | Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , ii. p. 133. |
| 53 . | Corr. xxiii. n. 18710 (21 May 1812). |
| 54 . | Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape , pp. 297, 298–302. |
| 55 . | Hales, Napoleon and the Pope , pp. 163–4; Ellis, ‘Religion According to Napoleon’, pp. 249–50. |
| 56 . | Corr. xxiii. n. 18447 (19 January 1812). |
| 57 . | Barton, Bernadotte and Napoleon , pp. 265–74; Höjer, Bernadotte , i. p. 601; Favier, Bernadotte , pp. 206–7. |
| 58 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 136–9. |
| 59 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 142–3. |
| 60 . | L. Narocnickij, ‘Österreich zwischen Frankreich und Russland 1813’, in Anna M. Drabek, Walter Leitsch and Richard G. Plaschka (eds), Russland und Österreich zur Zeit der Napoleonischen Kriege (Vienna, 1989), pp. 22–3, 24. |
| 61 . | Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 448–9; Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 272. |
| 62 . | See, for example, Gotteri (ed.), La police secrète , ii. p. 345 (25 April 1811); José Olcina, L’opinion publique en Belgique entre 1812 et 1814: les Belges face à l’écroulement de l’Empire (Brussels, 2010), p. 43. |
| 63 . | See, for example, Poumiès de la Siboutie, Souvenirs , pp. 96–7; Hortense, Mémoires , ii. p. 147. |
| 64 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 734. |
| 65 . | Gaston Lavalley, Napoléon et la disette de 1812: à propos d’une émeute aux halles de Caen (Paris, 1896), pp. 27–8; Lignereux, L’Empire des Français , pp. 96–7. |
| 66 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 171; Charles Corbet, A l’ère des nationalismes: l’opinion française face à l’inconnue russe (1799–1894) (Paris, 1967), pp. 63–73. |
| 67 . | Corr. xiv. n. 11722 (29 January 1807). |
| 68 . | Edward Daniel Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa , 11 vols (4th edn, London, 1810–23), i. pp. 46–7. It was translated by the Comte d’Hauterive into Voyages en Russie, en Tartarie et en Turquie (Paris, 1812). See also Jean-Benoît Schérer, Anecdotes intéressantes et secrètes de la cour de Russie, tirées de ses archives . . .publiées par un voyageur qui a séjourné treize ans en Russie , 6 vols (London and Paris, 1792, 2nd edn 1806). |
| 69 . | See, for example, the article by V.D.M., ‘Recherche et observations générales sur les prisonniers de guerres russes’, La Revue philosophique, littéraire et politique (1 April 1807), 6–13; and Joux, La Providence et Napoléon , pp. 183, 211. |
| 70 . | Gratien Gilbert Joseph Damaze de Raymond, Tableau historique, géographique, militaire et moral de l’empire de Russie , 2 vols (Paris, 1812), i. pp. 273–4. See also Patricia Sorel, ‘La campagne de Russie dans la presse quotidienne française et l’almanach du Messager Boiteux ’, in Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink and Jean-Yves Mollier (eds), Presse et événement : journaux, gazettes, almanachs (XVIIIe–XIXe siècles) (Bern, Berlin and Brussels, 2000), pp. 161–2. On French attitudes towards Russians in general see Corbet, A l’ère des nationalismes , pp. 77–81; Galina Kabakova, ‘Mangeur de chandelles: l’image du cosaque au XIXe siècle’, in Katia Dmitrieva and Michel Espagne (eds), Transferts culturels triangulaires France–Allemagne–Russie (Paris, 1996), pp. 207–30; Ezequiel Adamovsky, Euro-Orientalism: Liberal Ideology and the Image of Russia in France (c. 1740–1880) (Oxford and New York, 2006), pp. 90–3. |
| 71 . | Charles-Louis Lesur, Des progrès de la puissance russe: depuis son origine jusqu’au commencement du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1812). On Peter the Great’s ‘Testament’ see Raymond T. McNalley, ‘The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812–1830’, American Slavic and East European Review , 17 (1958), 173–4. |
| 72 . | Iver B. Neumann, Uses of the Other: ‘The East’ in European Identity Formation (Minneapolis, 1999), p. 90. |
| 73 . | The reference to the ‘Army of the twenty nations’ has its origins in an imperial proclamation, but it was the expression used by the Russian Orthodox Church to describe the Grande Armée, repeated every Christmas when thanks were given for Russia’s deliverance. SeeAlexander Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow to the Napoleonic Occupation of 1812’, in Marshall Poe and Eric Lohr (eds), The Military and Society in Russia, 1450–1917 (Leiden, 2002), p. 472. |
| 74 . | Corr. xxiii. n. 18348 (19 December 1811). |
| 75 . | Philippe-Paul, comte de Ségur, Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande-armée pendant l’année 1812 , 2 vols (Brussels, 1825), i. p. 324. |
| 76 . | Corr. xxiii. n. 18359 (23 December 1811). |
| 77 . | Peter Simon Pallas, Nouveau voyage dans les gouvernements méridionaux de l’Empire de Russie, dans les années 1793 et 1794 , trans. from the German, 2 vols (Paris, an X); Jacques Hantraye, Les cosaques aux Champs-Elysées: l’occupation de la France après la chute de Napoléon (Paris, 2005), p. 218. |
| 78 . | Antoine Baudoin Gisbert de Dedem de Gelder, Un général hollandais sous le premier empire. Mémoires du général Bon de Dedem de Gelder 1774–1825 (Paris, 1900), p. 200. Six hours of training a day according to the grenadier Michel Souchez, in Pierre Charrié, Lettres de guerres, 1792–1815 (Nantes, 2004), p. 208 (30 March 1812). |
| 79 . | Heinrich von Roos, Souvenirs d’un médecin de la Grande Armée (Paris, 2004), p. 77. |
| 80 . | If Noël, Souvenirs militaires , p. 167, is to be believed. |
| 81 . | Fantin des Odoards, Journal , p. 293. |
| 82 . | Rowe, From Reich to State , p. 158. |
| 83 . | Castellane, Journal , i. p. 146 (4 September 1812). |
| 84 . | Louis Gardier, Journal de la campagne de Russie en 1812 (Paris, 1999), p. 18. |
| 85 . | Montesquiou-Fezensac, Souvenirs militaires , p. 219. |
| 86 . | Craig, Politics of the Prussian Army , pp. 58–9; and Gordon A. Craig, ‘Problems of Coalition Warfare: The Military Alliance against Napoleon, 1813–14’, in Gordon A. Craig, War, Politics and Diplomacy: Selected Essays (London, 1966), p. 41. |
| 87 . | Münchow-Pohl, Zwischen Reform and Krieg , pp. 352–84; Obermann, ‘La situation de la Prusse sous l’occupation française’, pp. 278–83. This is for May and June 1812, before the invasion. |
| 88 . | Corr. xxiii. n. 18622 (30 March 1812). |
| 89 . | Dedem de Gelder, Un général hollandais , pp. 211–12, 203–4; Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 283. |
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