Citizen Emperor (139 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 47 . | Gaubert, Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon , pp. 127–36; Edouard Guillon, Les complots militaires sous le Consulat et l’Empire: d’après les documents inédits des archives (Paris, 1894), pp. 16–25; Dunbar Plunket Barton, Bernadotte and Napoleon, 1763–1810 (London, 1921), pp. 47–52; Gérard Minart, Les opposants à Napoléon: l’élimination des royalistes et des républicains (1800–1815) (Paris, 2003), pp. 109–13; Boscher, Histoire de la repression , pp. 143–7. |
| 48 . | Chaptal, Mes souvenirs , p. 250; Villefosse and Bouissounouse, L’opposition à Napoléon , pp. 224–5. |
| 49 . | See the police reports in AN F7 3089, 27 July, 16 November, 14 December 1804 and 18 January 1805; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 111–12. |
| 50 . | Gaubert, Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon , pp. 142–3. |
| 51 . | Guillon, Les complots militaires sous le Consulat et l’Empire , p. 30. |
| 52 . | AN F7 6315, dossier 6659: Prefect of the Department of Seine et Oise to Fouché, 2 thermidor an X (20 July 1802); Mounier to Fouché, prairial an X (May 1802); report 13 prairial an X (2 June 1802); Gilbert-Augustin Thierry, Conspirateurs et gens de police: le complot des libelles (1802) (Paris, 1903); Villefosse and Bouissounouse, L’opposition à Napoléon , pp. 225–7; Guillon, Les complots militaires sous le Consulat et l’Empire , pp. 26–43; Barton, Bernadotte and Napoleon , pp. 59–65; Léonce Pingaud, Bernadotte et Napoléon (1797–1814) (Paris, 1933), pp. 68–70; T. T. Höjer, Bernadotte, maréchal de France , trans. from the Swedish by Lucien Maury, 2 vols (Paris, 1943), pp. 220–6; Boscher, Histoire de la repression , pp. 147–51; Franck Favier, Bernadotte, un maréchal d’Empire sur le trône de Suède (Paris, 2010), pp. 112–19. |
| 53 . | AN F7 6315, dossier 6659, for their files. |
| 54 . | Höjer, Bernadotte , i. p. 225; Emmanuel Cherrier, ‘Un itinéraire politique original, l’ascension de Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte’, Nordic Historical Review/Revue d’Histoire Nordique , 5 (2007), 85–7. |
| 55 . | Miot de Mélito, Mémoires , ii. pp. 41–2. |
| 56 . | Arthur-Léon Imbert de Saint-Amand, Les femmes des Tuileries: la femme du Premier consul (Paris, 1884), pp. 128–34; Kale, ‘Women, Salons, and the State’, 62. |
| 57 . | On court life under Louis XIV see Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV , pp. 87, 89, 90–1; T. C. W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe, 1660–1789 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 7, 29–31, 39–41. |
| 58 . | Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Tableau de Paris , 12 vols (Amsterdam, 1788), ix. ch. dcxci, p. 78. |
| 59 . | See Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 296–302. Comte Emmanuel de Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène , ed. and annotated by Marcel Dunan, 2 vols (Paris, 1983), ii. p. 305; Lentz, Grand Consulat , p. 373. |
| 60 . | Eléonore-Adèle d’Osmond, comtesse de Boigne, Récits d’une tante: mémoires de la comtesse de Boigne , 4 vols (Paris, 1907–8), i. pp. 395–6; Martin-Fugier, La vie élégante ou La formation du Tout-Paris , p. 44; Pierre Branda, Napoléon et ses hommes: la Maison de l’Empereur, 1804–1815 (Paris, 2011), pp. 322–6. Later, all imperial palaces were reorganized to make access to his person more difficult (Mansel, The Eagle in Splendour , pp. 75–8). |
| 61 . | Blagdon, Paris As It Was and As It Is , i. p. 328. |
| 62 . | Alméras, La Vie parisienne sous le Consulat et l’Empire , pp. 285–9; Charles-Otto Zieseniss, Napoléon et la cour impériale (Paris, 1980), pp. 74–5; Kale, French Salons , p. 83; Branda, Napoléon et ses hommes , pp. 307–26. |
| 63 . | See Kale, French Salons , pp. 83–4. |
| 64 . | AN F7 3831, 3 vendémiaire an XI (25 September 1802); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , iii. pp. 271–2. |
| 65 . | Rémusat, Mémoires , iii. pp. 233–4, 237, 260. |
| 66 . | Michael Rowe, From Reich to State: The Rhineland in the Revolutionary Age, 1780–1830 (Cambridge, 2003), p. 115. On the importance of dress and the uniform, particularly at court, see Mansel, Dressed to Rule , esp. pp. 78–88. |
| 67 . | Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de Brumaire’, p. 341; Mansel, Dressed to Rule , p. 80. |
| 68 . | Remacle, Relations secrètes , p. 230 (15 January 1803). |
| 69 . | Rémusat, Mémoires , i. pp. 174–5; Raoul Brunon, ‘Uniforms in the Napoleonic Era’, in Katell le Bourhis (ed.), The Age of Napoleon: Costume from Revolution to Empire, 1789–1815 (New York, 1989), pp. 180–1. It was a practice that could also be found in, for example, the British army. See Myerly, British Military Spectacle , pp. 40–1. |
| 70 . | Alan Forrest, ‘The Napoleonic Armies and their World’, Revista Napoleonica , 1–2 (2000), 280. |
| 71 . | Cited in Madeleine Delpierre, ‘Une révolution, en trois temps’, in Modes et révolutions, 1780–1804 (Paris, 1989), pp. 11–40; Margaret Waller, ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes: Display, Cover-Up and Exposure in Modern Masculinity’, in Timothy Reeser and Lewis Seifert (eds), Entre hommes: French and Francophone Masculinities in Literature and Culture (Newark, 2008), pp. 115–42. |
| 72 . | Marsha and Linda Frey, ‘“The Reign of the Charlatans is Over”: The French Revolutionary Attack on Diplomatic Practice’, Journal of Modern History, 65 (1993), 706–44. |
| 73 . | Etiquette du palais imperial (Paris, 1806). |
| 74 . | A lever took place when the sovereign left his apartments and made his appearance in public; only certain people could attend. The coucher was the moment when the sovereign retired to his apartments. |
| 75 . | Waller, ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes’, pp. 115–42. |
| 76 . | Philippe Séguy, ‘Costume in the Age of Napoleon’, in le Bourhis (ed.), The Age of Napoleon , pp. 84, 110–12. On military uniforms see Brunon, ‘Uniforms in the Napoleonic Era’, pp. 179–201; and Philip Mansel, ‘Monarchy, Uniform, and the Rise of the Frac , 1760–1830’, Past & Present , 96 (1982), 103–32. |
| 77 . | Mansel, Dressed to Rule , pp. 81–2. |
| 78 . | Figures varied enormously over time, but there were around 1,200 people attached to Louis XIV’s household in 1689 and around 2,000 under Louis XVI. See Jeroen Duindam, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe’s Major Dynastic Rivals, ca. 1550–1780 (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 54–5. |
| 79 . | Mansel, The Eagle in Splendour , pp. 27, 34; Philip Mansel, The Court of France, 1789–1830 (Cambridge, 1988), p. 188; Kale, French Salons , pp. 92–4; Branda, Napoléon et ses hommes , pp. 61–2. For an interesting comparative study on the courts of Paris, Vienna and Berlin see, Jeroen Duindam, ‘The Dynastic Court in an Age of Change: Frederick II Seenfrom the Perspective of Habsburg and Bourbon Court Life’, in Jürgen Luh and Michael Kaiser (eds), Friedrich300 – Colloquien, Friedrich der Große und der Hof, 2009 , www.perspectivia.net/content/publikationen/friedrich300–colloquien/friedrich-hof/Duindam_Court?set_language=tr. |
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