Citizen Emperor (137 page)

 
100
. Cambacérès talks about this, obliquely, in his memoirs, Cambacérès,
Mémoires inédits
, i. p. 601. See also Martin Staum,
Cabanis: Enlightenment and Medical Philosophy in the French Revolution
(Princeton, 1980), p. 293; Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, iii. p. 129; Fauriel,
Les derniers jours du Consulat
, p. 23; Collins,
Napoleon and his Parliaments
, pp. 63–4, 69–71; Fabien Menant,
Les députés de Napoléon, 1799–1815
(Paris, 2012), pp. 328–52. According to Woloch,
Napoleon and his Collaborators
, p. 92, the architect of the purge was François-Denis Tronchet, although Tulard and Lentz believe it was Cambacérès. At least half of the outgoing members of the Tribunate, and at least a third of the Legislative, were dismissed and given official postings within the administration (Collins,
Napoleon and his Parliaments
, pp. 66–7). They thereby became beholden to and supporters of the regime.

 
101
. Extracts from the debates can be found in
Moniteur universel
, 19 and 20 germinal an X (9 and 10 April 1802).

 
102
. Staum,
Cabanis
, pp. 287–97.

 
103
. Woloch,
Napoleon and his Collaborators
, p. 83.

 
104
. AN F7 3830, rapport de la préfecture de police, 17 fructidor an X (4 September 1802); Camille Latreille,
L’opposition religieuse au Concordat, de 1792 à 1803
(Paris, 1910), pp. 219–20; Boudon,
Napoléon et les cultes
, pp. 172–3.

 
105
. Roberts, ‘Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801’, p. 55; Jean Godel, ‘L’Eglise selon Napoléon’,
Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine
, 17 (1970), 837–45; Englund,
Napoleon
, p. 184.

 
106
. 
Corr.
viii. n. 6420 (11 November 1802).

 
107
. Cited in Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de Brumaire’, p. 342.

 
108
. Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de Brumaire’, pp. 339–40.

 
109
. Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de Brumaire’, p. 342.

 
110
. It was a recurring theme throughout the Consulate. See, for example, V.-R. Barbet Du Bertrand,
Les trois hommes illustres, ou Dissertations sur les institutions politiques de César-Auguste, de Charlesmagne et de Napoléon Bonaparte
(Paris, 1803), pp. 244–5, in which Bonaparte is lauded as the man who pacified the Vendée and who brought about religious reconciliation and achieved peace through military victories; J.-G.-M.-R. de Montgaillard,
La France sous le gouvernement de Bonaparte
(Paris, 1803), p. 44.

 
111
. Petiteau,
Les Français et l’Empire
, p. 51.

 
112
. On the competition see Foucart, ‘L’accueil de la Paix d’Amiens’, pp. 232–4. Five of the paintings entered are examined by Guy and Christian Ledoux-Lebard, ‘Les tableaux du concours institué par Bonaparte en 1802 pour célébrer le rétablissement du culte’,
Archives de l’art français
, 25 (1978), 251–61.

 
113
. Bruno Foucart, ‘Les iconographies du Concordat, laboratoire d’une nouvelle politique de l’image’, in Boudon (ed.),
Le Concordat et le retour de la paix religieuse
, pp. 151–67; Philippe Bordes and Alain Pougetoux, ‘Les portraits de
Napoléon en habits impériaux
par Jacques-Louis David’,
Gazette des Beaux Arts
, 202 (1983), 21; Edward Lilley, ‘Consular Portraits of Napoleon Bonaparte’,
Gazette des Beaux Arts
, 106 (1985), 143–56.

 
114
. Marc Gerstein, ‘Le regard consolateur du grand homme’, in Marie-Anne Dupuy (ed.),
Dominique-Vivant Denon: l’oeil de Napoléon
(Paris, 1999), p. 324.

 
115
. Lilley, ‘Consular portraits’, 144.

 
116
. Bordes and Pougetoux, ‘Les portraits de
Napoléon
’, 21.

 
117
. Werner Telesko,
Napoleon Bonaparte: der ‘Moderne Held’ und die bildende Kunst, 1799–1815
(Vienna, 1998), p. 42.

 
118
. Boime,
Art in an Age of Bonapartism
, ii. pp. 49–50.

 
119
. Peter Burke,
The Fabrication of Louis XIV
(New Haven, 1992), pp. 19, 22; Dimitri Casali and David Chanteranne,
Napoléon par les peintres
(Paris, 2009), p. 61.

 
120
. Mavor (ed.),
The Grand Tours of Katherine Wilmot
, pp. 16–17 (13 December 1801).

 
121
. Boime,
Art in an Age of Bonapartism
, ii. p. 50.

 
122
. Dawson Warren,
The Journal of a British Chaplain in Paris during the Peace Negociations of 1801–2
(London, 1913), p. 208; Yorke,
France in Eighteen Hundred and Two
, pp. 123–6; Kotzebue,
Souvenirs
, i. pp. 140–1.

 
123
. Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de Brumaire’, p. 342.

 
124
. Udolpho van de Sandt, ‘Le Salon’, in Bonnet (ed.),
L’Empire des muses
, pp. 59–78.

 
125
. Udolpho van de Sandt, ‘La fréquentation des Salons sous l’Ancien Régime, la Révolution et l’Empire’,
Revue de l’Art
, 73 (1986), 46.

 
126
. Frédéric Bluche,
Le Bonapartisme: aux origines de la droite autoritaire (1800–1850)
(Paris, 1980), p. 26.

 
127
. David A. Wisner,
The Cult of the Legislator in France 1750–1830: A Study in the Political Theology of the French Enlightenment
(Oxford, 1997), pp. 125, 129–30.

 
128
. David O’Brien,
After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon
(University Park, Pa., 2006), p. 84; Dwyer,
Napoleon: The Path to Power
, pp. 1–5, 249–53.

EMPIRE, 1802–1804

6: The Conservative Turn