Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (209 page)

Savonarola, Girolamo (1452-98)

Saxony; Anglo-Saxon and Celtic mission in

Electors: Friedrich 'the Wise' (1463; 1486-25); Friedrich August, King of Poland (1670; 1694-1733); Johann 'the Constant' (1468; 1525-32) Plate 55; Johann Georg I (1585; )

Scandinavia; early missions in; Lutheranism in; Reformation in; s
ee also
Baltic Sea; Denmark; Finland; Norway; Rus'; Sweden; Vikings

Schism and schismatics;
see also
Acacian Schism; Great Schism; papacy: Papal Schism

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768-1834)

Schmalkaldic League and Wars, Plate 55;
defined

scholasticism

schools; Protestant; Roman Catholic

science and Christianity

Scotch-Irish:
see
Presbyterianism: North America/USA

Scotland; Act of Union (1707); calendar;wars (17th century); first Christianity in; and Freemasonry; and 'Glorious Revolution'

Church (Kirk) of ; Disruption (1843); and Freemasonry; Reunion (1929); and witchcraft

Kings: William I (1142/3; 1165-1214);
see also
England: Kings

Queen: Mary I (1542-67; d. 1587)

Scottish Episcopal Church

Scotus: see Duns Scotus

screens in churches:
see
iconostasis; Rood and rood screens

sculpture;
see also
Iconoclastic Controversy; images; Ten Commandments

Second Coming:
see
Last Days

Second Great Awakening:
see
'Great Awakenings'

Second Reformation
defined

secular clergy;
defined
;
see also
parishes; monks

secularization

see:
see
dioceses

Seleucia-Ctesiphon

Seleucid monarchy

Kings: Antiochos III (241; 222-187 BCE); Antiochos
IV Epiphanes
(
c.
215; 175-64 BCE)

semi-Arians;
see also
Cappadocian Fathers

semi-Pelagians

seminaries:
see
clerical education

Separate Baptists

separatism;
see also
Baptists; Congregationalists; Independency

Septuagint

Serbia; Orthodox Church in

King: Stefan
Prvovencani
(1176; 1196-1228)

Prince: Stefan Nemanja (1109; 1166-96; d. 1199)
see also
Yugoslavia

serfs and serfdom

Sergei (Sergius) of Radonezh (
c.
1315-92)

Sergius and Bacchus (d.
c.
303)

sermons:
see
preaching

Sermons on the Mount and the Plain:
see
Jesus

sex and sexuality; and
Acts of Thomas
; and Clement of Alexandria; and Conservative Evangelicals; and gnostics; and Gregorian Reform; and Jerome; liberation movements; regulation; and Roman Catholicism;
see also
abortion; annulment; consumerism; divorce; fornication; HIV; homosexuality; sex and sexuality -
cont
. marriage; men; Reformation of Manners; women

shrines; destroyed; of Mary; satirized;
see also
Canterbury; Jerusalem; pilgrimage; relics; Rome

Sicily: and Byzantine Empire; and Muslims; and Normans

Sierra Leone

Simeon Stylites the Elder (
c.
390-459);, Plate 3

sin;
see also
original sin; pride

Sinai; Mount (Horeb); St Catherine's monastery

Sion:
see
Jerusalem; Zion

slavery; abolition of slave trade and slavery (British Empire); abolition (Portuguese Empire); abolition (USA); in ancient society; campaigns against; endorsement by Christians ; Enlightenment and; Evangelicals and; Moravians and; Muslims and; papacy and; Roman Inquisition condemns;
see also
African-American Christianity; serfs and serfdom

Slavs; Christianity among; languages; Slavic liturgy (Church Slavonic);
see also
Bulgaria; Great Moravia; Rus'; Russian Orthodoxy; Serbia

Smyrna, Plate

social reform; 'Social Gospel';
see also
environmental change; slavery: abolition; temperance and teetotalism

Socialism; Socialist International;
see also
Marx

Society of Jesus (Jesuits); in Africa; in Brazil; in central Europe; in China, Plate; early years; and education; in England; in Ethiopia; evangelistic style; in France; hostility to; and inquisitions; in India; in Italy; and Jansenism; in Japan; in New France; and other faiths; in Ottoman Empire; and papacy; in Poland-Lithuania; in Portugal; reconstituted (1814); 'Reductions'; and science; in Spain and Spanish Empire; and
Spirituali
; suppression; and Thomism; and Valdesianism;
see also
Ignatius Loyola

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

Socinianism; in England; in Poland-Lithuania; in United Provinces

sodomy;
see also
homosexuality

soldier-saints:
see
George; Sergius and Bacchus

Solidarity Movement

solifidianism:
see
justification by faith

Solon

songs and motets

soteriology; and Augustine of Hippo; and Dyophysites; and Jansenists; and Luther; Nominalist; and Wesley; and Zwingli;
see also
Arminius; Calvin; God: divine grace; Heaven; Hell; justification; merit; predestination; Purgatory; universalism

soul; in Christianity; in Judaism; and Plato

South Africa

South America; Portuguese in

Southern Baptists:
see
Baptists

Soviet Union:
see
Russia

Spain, Map (589), Armada; art; cultural exclusivity;
Caudillo
regime; character; early Church in; and Dutch; Empire in America; Empire in Asia; and English; and Greeks; in Italy; Jews in; and Low Countries, Plate; medieval Church; Muslims in (
mudejars
); and Purgatory;
Patronato
;
Reconquista
; Republic; Roman Catholicism in; and witchcraft

Kings: Alfonso XIII (1886-1931; 1941); Fernando V, of Aragon, then of Spain (1452; 1479; 1512-16); Fernando VII (1784; 1808-33); Philip (Felipe) II, King of Portugal (1527, 1556-98); and England; and Ireland; and papacy; Philip (Felipe) III (1578; 1598-1621)
see also
Aragon; Castile; inquisitions; Visigoths

Spanish (later Austrian) Netherlands;
see also
Belgium; Low Countries

speaking in tongues;
see also
Pentecostalism

Spener, Philipp Jakob (1635-1705)

Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus de Spinoza;)

Spirituali
;
see also
Valdes

Sri Lanka (Ceylon)

Stadhouder
:
defined

stained glass, Plate

Stalin, Josef (Josef Djugashvili; )

statues:
see
images

stigmata, Plate

Stoic philosophy; and Christianity

Stoudite Rule

Strassburg (Strasbourg), Plate

Stuart (Stewart) dynasty of England, Ireland and Scotland;
see also
Jacobites

stylites;
see also
Simeon

subordinationism;
see also
Arianism; Origen

sun, worship of

Sunday; Sunday Schools;
see also
Sabbath

Sweden

Switzerland; early medieval Christianity; and Holy Roman Empire; radical Reformation in; Roman Catholicism in;
see also
Basel; Zurich

Symeon the New Theologian (949-1022)

synagogues

syncretism and synthesis in religion; African; African-American (
Candomble
, Rastafarianism,
Santeria
, Vodou), Plate; Hispano-American; Korean; modern West; Pacific

synergy

Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke);
defined

Syria; ancient Church in ; modern

Syriac Christianity, Chs.; asceticism; and Celtic Christianity; earliest church music; and Ethiopia; and Judaism; literature; originator of monasticism;
see also
Church of the East; Ghassanids; Syriac Orthodox Church

Syriac language

Syriac Orthodox Church (Miaphysite)

Ta Qin
monastery (Zhouzhi), Plates

Tabor, Mount, Plate

tabot
:
see
Ark of the Covenant

Taiping Rebellion

Tanakh, Ch. ; commentary on;
defined
; and Muhammad; and violence;
see also
Bible; Old Testament

Taoism

tariff books:
see
penitentials

Tartars:
see
Tatars

Tartu:
see
Dorpat

Tatars;
see also
Mongols

Tatian (
c.
150)

taxes; to Church; discriminatory;
see also
tithe

teetotalism:
see
temperance

television and televangelists

temperance and teetotalism;
see also
Prohibition

Templars (Knights Templar)

temples; Chinese; Greek; Japanese; Roman;
see also
Jerusalem

Ten Commandments; and images;
see also
iconoclasm

Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada (Teresa of Jesus or of Avila; 1515-82)

Tertullian (
c.
160-220)

Teutonic Knights

theocracy
defined

Theodora (
c.
500-548), Plate

Theodore of Mopsuestia (
c.
350-428)

Theodosius (Bishop of Alexandria 535-67)

theology; art as; invention of; Orthodox; Western tradition;
see also
inquisitions: Roman; Paris: Sorbonne

theosis
(deification)

Theotokos

Therapeutae

Thessalonica (Thessaloniki);
see also
Palamas

Third Blessing

Third Rome (Muscovite or Russian Church; Novgorod; T'rnovo)

Thirty Years War (1618-48), Map 20 (648),

Thomas, Apostle;
see also
apocryphal literature

Thomas a Kempis:
see
Kempis

Thomas Aquinas (Aquino;
c.
1225-74) ; and Jesus; just war theory; and Mary;
Pange Lingua
; and soteriology;
Summa Theologiae
;
see also
Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament; Thomism

Thomas Becket:
see
Canterbury: Archbishops

Thomism; revival

three-self principle

Timur ('Tamerlane'; 1336-1405)

tithe;
defined

tobacco

tolerance and toleration; in Austria; in Byzantine Empire; in England; and Erasmus; in France; in Graubunden; in Great Britain; in Hungary/Transylvania; in Ireland; in Moravia; in Netherlands; in North America; in Poland-Lithuania; in Russia;
see also
Milan: Declaration of; Nantes: Edict of; pluralism of religion; Torda; Warsaw

tombs and graves ;
see also
catacombs; cremation; funerals; shrines

Tonga

tongues:
see
Pentecostalism; speaking in tongues

Torda (Turda, Thorenburg)

Tories;
see also
Jacobites

Tractarianism

trade unions

tradition of the Church

transubstantiation;
see also
Mass

Transylvania Princes: Gabor Bethlen (1580, 1613-29)

treasury of merit

Treatise of the three impostors

Trent; Council of; 1st session (1547-8);d session (1562-3)

Tridentine Catholicism;
defined
;
see also
catechisms; Catholic Reformation; Catholicism; Roman Catholicism; Rome; Trent

Trinity; in art; and Augustine; and Cappadocian Fathers; and Erasmus; first use of word; and Islam; 'Johannine Comma'; and Justin Martyr; Monophysite Controversy; and Origen; and Pentecostals; and Plotinus; and radical Reformation; symbolism for;
see also
adoptionism; God; Jesus Christ; Judaizing Heresy;
Logos
theology; modalism; Monarchianism; Socinianism; unitarianism

Trisagion

Triumph of Orthodoxy:
see
Iconoclastic Controversy

True Cross:
see
Cross

Tur 'Abdin

Turkey and Turks , Map 26 (926);
see also
Asia Minor; Ottoman Empire

Turks:
see
Ottoman Empire; Seljuk Turks; Turkey

twelfth-century Renaissance;
see also
Aristotle; scholasticism; universities

Twelve, the (disciples);
see also
James the Greater; John the Evangelist; Peter; Philip; Thomas

Tyndale, William (?1494-1536)

Ukraine;
see also
Andrusovo; Cossacks; Kmel'nyts'kyi

Ulster;
see also
Northern Ireland

ultramontanism;
defined

ummah

Uniate Churches;
see also
Greek Catholic Church; Maronite Church

union with the divine:
see theosis

Unitarianism; in USA;
see also
anti-Trinitarianism; Arian christology; Socinianism

Unitas Fratrum
:
see
Bohemian Brethren

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:
see
Great Britain

United Provinces of the Netherlands (Northern Netherlands); in Africa; Arminianism in; decline; Dutch West India Company; in East Asia; and France; Roman Catholics in; in Sri Lanka; toleration and tolerance in; witchcraft in
Stadhouders
(House of Orange): Willem I of Nassau ('William the Silent'; 1533-84); Willem III:
see
England: monarchs: William
III see also
Afrikaners; Dutch Reformed Church; Low Countries; Netherlands