Brothers in Arms (64 page)

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Authors: Odd Arne Westad

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24. Memorandum of conversation, Soviet ambassador Pavel Iudin-Zhou Enlai, October 10, 1954, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 417, pa. 379, d. 9, pp. 77-82. See also Zhou Enlai's statement of December 8, 1954,
ZDJCZ,
vol. 20, 448-51. Information on Mao-Khrushchev talks from Russian archivists. See also memorandum of conversation, Iudin-Mao Zedong, December 12, 1955, and attached summaries, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 49, pa. 410, d. 9, pp. 17-19.
25. Memorandum of conversation, Iudin-Mao Zedong, December 21, 1955, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 49, pa. 410, d. 9, pp. 18-19; He Di, "The Most Respected Enemy: Mao Zedong's Perception of the United States," in Michael H. Hunt and Niu Jun, eds.,
Toward a History of Chinese Communist Foreign Relations, 1920s-1960s
(Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Asia Program 1995), 39-41; memorandum of conversation, Iudin-Mao Zedong, May 2, 1956, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 49, pa. 410, d. 9, pp. 124-5.
26. Odd Arne Westad, "Mao Zedong and De-Stalinization," forthcoming.
27. Memorandum of conversation, Iudin-Mao Zedong, February 28, 1958, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 51, pa. 432, d. 6, p. 89.
28. Mao Zedong to Liu Shaoqi et al, June 7, 1958,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 7, 265-6; Zhang Weilu (Chinese chargé d'affaires, Moscow) to Vice-Foreign Minister Kuznetsov, July 11, 1958, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 51, pa. 431, d. 3, pp. 51-2. Joint military communications centers were first suggested by Soviet Minister of Defense Rodion Malinovskii in a letter to his Chinese counterpart Peng Dehuai on April 18, 1958. See also the Chinese version of Mao's talk with Iudin on July 22, 1958, translated in
CWIHP Bulletin
6-7 (Winter 1995/1996): 155-9.
29. Memorandum of conversation, Iudin-Chen Yi, November 30, 1958, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 51, pa. 432, d. 6, pp. 188-96; Mao Zedong to Zhou Enlai, October 11, 1958,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 7, 449-50; Mao Zedong to Zhou Enlai et al., October 31, 1958, ibid., 479. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko visited Beijing on a secret mission in early September 1958. The records of his conversations are not yet available.
30. Mao Zedong notes, November 1958,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 7, 608; Mao Zedong to Chen Yi, February 22, 1959, ibid., vol. 8, 55. Mao generally distinguished between the views of Eisenhower, whom he took to be more moderate, and Dulles, "whose speeches I do not read, because I know in advance what he will say." Memorandum of conversation, Iudin-Mao Zedong, February 28, 1958, AVPRF, f. 0100,

 

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op. 51, pa. 432, d. 6, pp. 89. In limiting the Straits crisis, Mao also made allowance for American politics. On November 2, 1958, he informed Zhou that "I propose that we tomorrow make a big attack, with more than 10,000 shells, all aimed at military targets, to influence the American elections, helping the Democrats to win and beat the Republicans." Mao Zedong to Zhou Enlai, November 2, 1958,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 7,490. See also Mao's comments on a report from the Chinese chargé d'affaires in London dated February 12, 1959,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 8, 36-7.
31. Mao Zedong text, February 13, 1959,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 8, 38-40.
32. Report from the Chinese embassy in Moscow, circulated on Mao's instructions on July 19, 1959,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 8, 368-9.
33. Records of conversations, Chervonenko-Deng Xiaoping and Chervonenko-Zhou Enlai, November 6, 1959, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 52, pa. 442, d. 7, pp. 104-7, 108-11; Mao to Khrushchev, August 17, 1959,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 8, 459-60; Kapitsa interview. (Mikhail Kapitsa still asked, thirty-five years later, "Why didn't they just do the usual thing, fire off some shells in the Taiwan Straits or something like that?");
Pravda,
September 9, 1959. Steven Hoffmann, in the most comprehensive recent analysis of the Sino-Indian border conflict, believes that China was the aggressive parts, both diplomatically and militarily, during the first confrontations in 1959. However, the reasons for the Chinese behavior may well have been connected to the Tibet rebellion rather than Soviet-U.S. relations.
India and the China Crisis
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 66-84. For a version largely exonerating China, see Xuecheng Liu,
The Sino-Indian Border Dispute and Sino-Indian Relations
(Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994).
34. Jerrold L. Schecter, trans. and ed.,
Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), 154; Mao Zedong notes, December 1959,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 8, 599-603.
35. Memorandum of conversation, Chervonenko-Liu Shaoqi, December 10, 1959, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 53, pa. 454, d. 8, pp. 1-6.
36. For a summary of these plans, see record of conversation, Chervonenko-Oscar Pino Santos (Cuban ambassador to the People's Republic), January 2, 1961, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 54, pa. 466, d. 7, pp. 1-3.

 

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