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Authors: Tom Bower

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BOOK: Broken Vows
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Providing sources in books that rely on any off-the-record conversations is always unsatisfactory. Unusually, however, a considerable number of interviewees in this book agreed to go ‘on the record’. Their names appear in the text alongside their comments. However, some constraints remain. For various reasons, most did not want their names to reappear regularly in this list of sources. Some are mentioned once, some occasionally, while others go unmentioned. Assiduous readers seeking the source of a quotation may be irritated by those omissions, but using an alternative identification – such as ‘private information’ – would, I believe, be worse, so I hope the compromise is acceptable.

Unless sourced to a book, newspaper or television programme, most of the quotations in the book are from named civil servants, politicians or military personnel whom I interviewed. Regarding the references from the inquiry chaired by John Chilcot, I have only included dates when a witness gave oral evidence twice, or when his or her evidence also included a written submission. In some instances, the reference only mentions a page in the transcript.

CHAPTER 2

Beyond that, he was oblivious
… McTernan, interview with author

‘We had come to power with
…’ Blair, pp. 204–5

He was supported by
… House of Commons, 20 November 1995 and 11 December 1995

Tim Walker and other
… Walker and Flesher, interviews with author

Many of his constituents
… McTernan, interview with author

Blair agreed with Straw
… Clarke, interview with author

‘Because I represent Blackburn
…’ Walker, interview with author

‘Straw’s also not interested
…’ O’Brien, interview with author

‘Blair’, observed Butler
… Butler, interview with author

It was clear that Straw’s
… Wilson, interview with author

‘Increase the countries on
…’ Walker, interview with author

Among those to be granted
… Flesher, interview with author

‘Law and order
…’ Blair, p. 630

In reality, Downing Street’s
… Clarke, interview with author;
The Times
, 22 May 1997; Campbell,
Power and the People
, pp. 31, 55


placatory signals
’ Blair, pp. 204–5

CHAPTER 3

Four days after the election
… Langlands, interview with author

A plan introduced in 1988
… Rivett,
National Health Service History,
‘Labour’s Decade 1998–2007’, p. 213:
www.nhshistory.net/cvrivett.htm


had not got a clue
…’ Hill, email to author

‘The state was still
…’ Blair, p. 214

Although he instinctively accepted
… Butler, interview with author

‘Save the NHS’ was
… Smith, interview with author

Over the following weeks
… Edwards and Fall,
The Executive Years of the NHS 1985–2003
(Radcliffe, 2005), pp. 154 and 161, and interviews with author

Hart resisted explaining
… Hart, interview with author; Seldon and Kavanagh,
The Blair Effect,
p. 284; Rivett, p. 170; Dowling,
GPs and Purchasing in the NHS: The Internal Market and Beyond
(Ashgate, 2000)

‘He doesn’t have the faintest
…’ Hart, interview with author

He would rely on
… Campbell,
Power and the People,
pp. 47, 50, 105–6

‘The chancellor would like
…’ Hart, interview with author

‘Go and see Gordon
…’ Langlands, interview with author

‘I can’t give these
…’ ibid.; Edwards and Fall, p. 164

Millions were spent
… Edwards and Fall, p. 158

‘We had prepared
…’ Powell, p. 177

‘Very odd-looking
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People,
p. 108;
The Blair Years,
p. 263

CHAPTER 4

Since 1995, the education budget
… In 1997, the education budget was 4.6 per cent of GDP, about £50 billion. Lupton and Obolenskaya, ‘Labour’s Record on Education: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 1997–2010’, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion (CASE), LSE, ‘Social Policy in a Cold Climate’, Working Paper 3, July 2013, pp. 16, 20

The 1988 Act imposed
… Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 593

‘We have a crap teaching
…’ House of Commons Select Committee on Education, 8 March 2010; Barber,
Instruction to Deliver,
p. 28

Both Left and Right
… Gillard,
Education in England: A Brief History
(2011), p. 5:
www.educationengland.org.uk/articles/25academies.html

By 2002, they were ordered
…’ Ofsted, ‘National Literacy and Numeracy Strategy 1998–2002’, p. 3; Walford,
Blair’s Educational Legacy?
(Routledge, 2010); Cassen, ‘Tackling Low Educational Achievement’, Rowntree Foundation, 2007; Cassen,
Making a Difference in Education: What the Evidence Says
, chapter 6 (Routledge, 2015); ‘Social Policy in a Cold Climate’, a series of papers edited by John Hill

To enforce the changes
… Barber, p. 32

They were to be reopened
… The legislation was the School Standard and Framework Act, 2 June 1998

Nearly every teacher
… Clarke, interview with author

‘Why are the schools
…’ Woodhead, interview with author

‘Ofsted should be used
… ibid.

‘Yes, yes, yes
…’ Woodhead, interview with author

That autumn, Blunkett
… Brown, ‘The Key Role of Educational Research in the Development and Evaluation of the National Numeracy Strategy’,
British Educational Research Journal,
p. 10

The Tories had told teachers
… Lupton and Obolenskaya, p. 14

The best and the worst
… Brown, ‘Magic Bullets or Chimeras? Searching for Factors Characterising Effective Teachers and Effective Teaching in Numeracy’, paper given at the British Educational Research Association Conference, University of Leeds, 2001; Brown, ‘The Key Role of …’, p. 7

Student teachers, warned Brown
… Brown, interview with author

Giddens’s way with language
… Seldon,
Blair
, p. 380

CHAPTER 5

‘It’s a sad day
…’ Bower,
The Paymaster,
pp. 135, 138

‘Peter has let his ego
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People,
pp. 105, 117, 120

Blair walked into
… Bender, interview with author

No. 10’s bright new
…’ ibid.; Campbell,
Power and the People,
p. 121

An outstanding performer
… Finlayson,
Making Sense of New Labour,
p. 16

‘Tony Blair has this week
…’
The Times
, 6 September 1997

‘change and modernise’
ibid., 8 September 1997

‘Modernisation’ was the theme
… Campbell,
Blair Years,
pp. 247–8;
Power and the People,
pp. 146, 162

To avoid further embarrassment
… Campbell,
Power and the People,
p. 86

‘In so far as
…’ Levy,
A Question of Honour,
p. 133; Campbell,
Power and the People,
pp. 171, 176–8, 198

‘Peter Mandelson seems to …’ The Times,
9 August 1997

On Brown’s behalf … The Times,
18 October 1997; Campbell,
Power and the People,
p. 179;
Blair Years,
p. 253

‘well aware what …’ The Times,
27 October 1997

‘Theirs is not a relationship
…’ Turnbull and Tebbit, interviews with author

‘we’re dead
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People
, pp. 185–6

‘We do not propose
…’ ibid., pp. 191–2

‘The consequences were
…’ Blair, pp. 126–7

Events were moving
… Campbell,
Power and Responsibility,
p. 405; Levy, p. 137

The £1 million
… Campbell,
Blair Years
, pp. 257–8;
Power and the People
, p. 206

‘Our sin in this case
…’ Powell, p. 213

‘To be fair
…’ Blair, p. 129

Back in Ecclestone’s
… Ward, interview with author; Bower,
No Angel: The Secret Life of Bernie Ecclestone
, p. 200

‘The whole of Whitehall
…’ Mosley, interview with author


To my knowledge
…’ Levy, p. 137

On the same day
… Rawnsley,
The End of the Party
, pp. 95–6; Campbell,
Power and the People
, pp. 221, 225;
Blair Years
, p. 261


We must not let
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People
, pp. 43, 449


was taking a real
…’ Campbell,
Blair Years
, p. 261; Powell, p. 214

Straw then promptly

Evening Standard
, 13 November 1997


I think that most
…’
The Times
, 16 November 1997


I’ve been hung out
…’ Ecclestone, interview with author

To avoid chaos
… Campbell,
Blair Years
, p. 262


I have been evasive
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People
, pp. 208–10


would return to
…’ Bender, interview with author

‘Call the dogs off
’ Powell, p. 110

‘The attention-seeking …’
Campbell
, Power and the People
, pp. 64, 94, 102–4, 108;
Blair Years
, p. 222

CHAPTER 6


I know we have
…’ Burridge, interview with author


Clare’s sound on
…’ Guthrie, interview with author

Blair halted his ‘pompous
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People
, p. 53

‘It’s been written
…’ Tebbit and Essenhigh, interviews with author

‘He doesn’t have a clue
…’ Guthrie, interview with author

‘Now there’s a real politician’
Gibson, interview with author

Well prepared for the meeting … The Times
, 18 June 1997


Believes that he was
…’ Campbell,
Blair Years
, p. 211;
Power and the People
, pp. 58–60


the most reviled presidential
…’
The Times
, 28 May 1997; Campbell,
Blair Years
, p. 208;
Power and the People
, p. 43; Blair, p. 231


no longer ignore
…’ Powell, pp. 263–5


The world needs our leadership
’ Blair, p. xviii

The opinion polls … The Times
, 27 June 1997


I have to tell you
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People
, p. 231

Robinson had been unapologetic
… Bower,
Paymaster
, p. 150


He’s a sad, sad
…’ Campbell,
Power and the People
, p. 255


I’m surrounded by
…’ ibid., p. 261


an intriguing guide
…’
The Times
, 14 January 1998

A ponderous leader
… ibid., 20 January 1998


complained interminably
…’ Powell, p. 184


Tony was not a natural
…’ ibid., p. 63


put the boot into
…’ Bower,
Gordon Brown
, p. 267


helped by a bottle of sherry
’ Essenhigh, interview with author

To try to help
… Campbell,
Power and the People
, p. 419

BOOK: Broken Vows
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ads

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