Atlantis and the Ten Plagues of Egypt: The Secret History Hidden in the Valley of the Kings (35 page)

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Authors: Graham Phillips

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BOOK: Atlantis and the Ten Plagues of Egypt: The Secret History Hidden in the Valley of the Kings
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Chronology

BC
– A
PPROXIMATE
C
HRONOLOGY

3150–2686:
 
The Egyptian Archaic Period.
3100:
 
Narmer Palette – the oldest surviving historical record from Egypt.
3090:
 
Narmer's successor, Hor-Aha, establishes the First Dynasty and founds the capital city of Memphis.
2686–2181:
 
The Egyptian Old Kingdom.
2650:
 
The building of the first stepped pyramid for the pharaoh Zoser.
2570:
 
Construction begun on the pyramid of Cheops at Giza.
2470:
 
The Palermo Stone records a series of early kings.
2181–2040:
 
The Egyptian First Intermediate. Centralized government at Memphis is overthrown, and an age of continual fighting between local warlords and provincial rulers follows.
2040–1782:
 
The Egyptian Middle Kingdom. A fresh era emerges from a strong line of rulers from Thebes in Upper Egypt.
2000:
 
The birth of the Mari kingdom at Tell Hariri in Syria.
1890:
 
A wall painting in the tomb of the nobleman Khnumhotep shows a group of thirty-seven Semites with laden donkeys entering Egypt.
1782–1570:
 
The Egyptian Second Intermediate.
1750:
 
The Mari kingdom is invaded by the Babylonians.
1745:
 
A text from the reign of the pharaoh Sobekhotep III contains a list of seventy-nine household servants, of which forty-five seem to be Hyksos.
1745–1700:
 
Increasing numbers of Hyksos continue to settle in the Nile Delta, where the authority of the pharaohs is weak.
1720:
 
The whole of northern Egypt falls to the Hyksos.
1720–1570:
 
The Hyksos kings govern northern Egypt, making their own capital at Avaris at the eastern edge of the Nile Delta. Southern Egypt remains in the hands of the Theban princes.
 
 
Hebrews first arrive in Egypt.
1660:
 
A circular alabaster jar, found at Knossos, is inscribed with the cartouche of the third Hyksos king, Khyan. Minoan wall paintings decorate the palace of the Hyksos kings in Avaris.
1570–1070:
 
The Egyptian New Kingdom.
1570:
 
The Theban prince Amosis reconquers northern Egypt. Expulsion of the Hyksos.
1567:
 
The god Re is assimilated with the god Amun. Temple cities of Karnak and nearby Luxor are expanded to an unprecedented size.
1500:
 
Royal List from the city of Karnak includes the names of the kings who preceded Tuthmosis III.
 
 
The greatest expansion of the Egyptian empire under the pharaoh Tuthmosis III.
 
 
Hebrews enslaved in Egypt.
 
 
The oldest reference to the
Apiru
, on a scene from the tomb of Tuthmosis III's great herald Antef, which lists them among the prisoners of war captured during the pharaoh's campaigns.
1480:
 
The tomb of Queen Hatshepsut's chief minister, Senenmut, shows scenes of foreign envoys, each in their national costume. Some are called
Keftiu
and from the goods they bear it is clear that they are Minoans.
1475:
 
A scene on the tomb of the noble Puyemre at Thebes shows four men working a winepress and accompanying hieroglyphics read 'straining out wine by the
Apiru
'.
1450:
 
Minoan ships carry timber supplies from Lebanon to Egypt.
1430:
 
An inscribed stela at Memphis refers to 3,600
Apiru
.
1390:
 
Central date for Thera eruption indicated by ice core samples.
1389–1364:
 
Reign of Amonhotep III.
1366:
 
Most likely date for eruption of Thera and the Israelite Exodus from Egypt.
 
 
Amonhotep erects vast number of statues to the goddess Sekhmet.
1365:
 
Central date for the eruption of Thera indicated by the latest radiocarbon tests from Akrotiri.
1364–1347:
 
Reign of Akhenaten.
1364:
 
The Aten is installed as chief deity.
1360:
 
Central date for Thera eruption indicated by the first radiocarbon tests from Akrotiri.
1359:
 
Akhenaten changes his name from Amonhotep IV and founds the new city of Amarna.
1358:
 
Akhenaten moves his court to Amarna.
1357:
 
One of the Amarna letters, sent to Akhenaten by King Abimilki of Tyre, talks of the king's horror on visiting Ugarit to find the population gone and half the city washed away into the sea.
1355:
 
Akhenaten proscribes the Aten's association with Re-Herakhte.
1356:
 
Birth of Tutankhamun.
1352:
 
Death of Amonhotep III.
1350:
 
The likely deaths of Nefertiti, Queen Tiye and the princesses Meketaten and Neferneferure.
 
 
Inscription on the Hermopolis Talatat refers to Tutankhamun as: 'The king's son of his loins'.
1349:
 
Smenkhkare appointed senior co-regent. Meritaten becomes Chief Queen.
 
 
Persecution of Amun cult in Thebes. Desecration of the temple of Karnak.
1348:
 
Death of Kiya.
1347:
 
Death of Akhenaten.
 
 
Smenkhkare reigns for less than a year.
 
 
Tomb 55 desecrated.
1347–1338:
 
Reign of Tutankhamun and Queen Ankhesenpaaten.
1345:
 
Abandonment of Amarna.
 
 
Amun and the old gods reinstated.
 
 
Tutankhamun changes name from Tutankhaten.
1338:
 
Tutankhamun buried in the Valley of the Kings.
1338–1334:
 
Reign of the pharaoh Ay.
1334–1307:
 
Reign of Horemheb.
 
 
Anti-Atenist reprisals.
 
 
Israelites enter Canaan.
1315:
 
Central radiocarbon date for the burning of Jericho.
1307–1305:
 
Reign of Ramesses I.
1300:
 
First archaeological evidence for Israelites in Canaan.
1305–1292:
 
Reign of Seti I.
1300:
 
The
Apiru
are referenced in connection with a revolt at Beisham in Palestine.
 
 
A Royal List from the city of Abydos names seventy-six kings who proceeded Seti I.
1292–1225:
 
Reign of Ramesses II.
1275:
 
Egyptian offensive against the Hittites.
1270:
 
Apiru
used as hard labour to erect a pylon at Memphis and to make bricks at Miour in the province of Fayum.
1250:
 
The burning of Hazor.
1220:
 
Israel Stela mentions the Israelites having some kind of kingdom in Palestine.
 
 
Royal Canon of Turin list of some 300 Egyptian kings.
1180:
 
Apiru
listed as quarrymen and working on land sacred to the god Atum at Heliopolis.
 
 
Philistines first recorded by Egyptians in eastern Mediterranean.
1070–332:
 
The Egyptian Late Period.
1000:
 
The Bible comes into historical context.
980:
 
King David and the unification of Israel.
960:
 
Solomon king of Israel and the building of Jerusalem Temple.
650:
 
Oldest known form of coinage used by the Lydians.
 
 
Camels first used in Egypt.
 
 
The books of the Pentateuch are written.
565:
 
Solon visits Egypt and hears Atlantis story.
332:
 
Alexander the Great annexes Egypt.
 
 
The works of Manetho are written.
30:
 
Egypt's last pharaoh, Ptolemy XV, the son of Cleopatra, is murdered on the orders of Caesar Augustus and Egypt becomes the personal estate of the Roman Emperors.

AD – E
GYPTOLOGY AND
A
RCHAEOLOGY

1799:
 
Discovery of the Rosetta Stone.
1816:
 
Giovanni Belzoni discovers the tomb of Ay.
1817:
 
Belzoni discovers tomb of Ramesses I.
1822:
 
The French scholar Jean François Champollion completes the decipherment of hieroglyphics.
1824:
 
The British explorer John Gardner Wilkinson makes first survey of rock tombs in Amarna.
1825:
 
The Scottish laird Robert Hay makes drawings of Amarna reliefs.
1840:
 
A German team led by Egyptologist Richard Lepsius make a number of detailed drawings of the tomb reliefs in Amarna.
1870:
 
The German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann uncovers the remains of Troy at Hissarlik in Turkey.
1880:
 
Akhenaten's tomb discovered by an unknown Egyptian.
1882:
 
First pieces of jewellery from Akhenaten's tomb sold to the Reverend W. J. Loftie.
1887:
 
A peasant woman digging for fertilizer among the ancient ruins of Akhetaten unearths a cache of over 300 inscribed clay tablets, now called the Amarna Letters.
1890s:
 
The first archeological excavation of Amarna is conducted by Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie.
 
 
Francis Llewelyn Griffith uncovers first evidence to suggest the co-regency between Akhenaten and Amonhotep IV – a stela from the chief servitor Pinhasy's mansion showing Amonhotep still alive in Amarna.
1891:
 
Alexandre Barsanti and a French expedition excavate Akhenaten's tomb.
1890s:
 
Over a period of six years, Norman de Garis Davies, the surveyor for the British-based Egypt Exploration Fund, painstakingly copies all the decorations that still survive in the cliff tombs in Amarna.
1898:
 
The mummy thought to be of Queen Tiye is found in the tomb of Amonhotep II.
 
 
Tuthmosis III's tomb discovered by the French Egyptologist Victor Loret.
1901:
 
Boston archaeologist Harriet Boyd excavates Minoan remains at Gournia on the island of Crete.
1906:
 
Richard Seager excavates a Minoan port on the island of Mochlos.
1907:
 
Tomb 55 is discovered by the British archaeologists Edward Ayrton and Arthur Weigall, together with their American financier Theodore Davis.
1911:
 
The German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt discovers Nefertiti bust in the studio of the royal sculptor Djhutmose at the Great Palace at Amarna.
1920:
 
The Greek archaeologist Stephanos Xanthoudidis uncovers the villa of Nirou Khani on the island of Crete.
1921:
 
Kiya's
Maru
temple discovered at Amarna by the British archaeologist Leonard Woolley.
1922:
 
Howard Carter discovers Tutankhamun's tomb.
1923:
 
The British archaeologist John Pendlebury discovers fragments of a carved tray bearing the name of Amonhotep III at Amarna.
1925:
 
While digging a drainage ditch at the Temple of Karnak workmen uncover the Akhenaten colossi.
1939:
 
Hermopolis Talatat discovered.
1956:
 
Geologists Dragoslav Ninkovich and Bruce Heezen of Columbia University conduct the
Vema
survey of the Mediterranean seabed.
1960:
 
Greek archaeologist Professor Nicholas Platon discovers the remains of Crete's easternmost Minoan palace at Kato Zakro.
1952:
 
The British archaeologist Dame Kathleen Kenyon excavates the Bronze Age fortification at Tell-es-Sultan near the Dead Sea, thought to be the site of ancient Jericho.
1955:
 
Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin excavates the site of ancient Hazar, modern Tell el-Qedah, some fourteen kilometres north of the Sea of Galilee.
1967:
 
Akrotiri excavations begun at Thera by Spyridon Marinatos.
1965:
 
Retired US foreign service officer Ray Wingfield Smith initiates the Akhenaten Temple Project.
1975:
 
Akhenaten Temple Project taken over by Professor Donald Redford of Toronto University.
1979:
 
Excavation of temple sanctuary on Mount Euptos, Crete.
1984:
 
Funerary vessel bearing the name of princess Neferneferure is discovered among rubble around the Amarna royal tomb by Egyptian archaeologist Dr Aly el Kouly.
1989:
 
French archaeologist Alain Zivie discovers the tomb of Aper-El at Saqqara.

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