April Queen (59 page)
Authors: Douglas Boyd
18.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Vita Prima
, in PL, vol. CLXXXV, p. 327.
19.
W. Vandereycken and R. van Dath,
From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls
, London, Athlone Press, 1996, p. 15.
20.
M. Furlong,
Visions and Longings
, London, Mowbray, 1996, p. 65.
21.
The canons of Bordeaux rejecting the Benedictine Rule he sought to impose on them, Geoffroi placed the cathedral of St André under interdict, its altars overthrown, the Host removed and the doors locked. He was not to return to Bordeaux for five years.
22.
In Latin,
cum assensu reginae Alienordis ducissae Aquitanorum
.
1.
Ilm aljebr wa’lmuqabalah
, literally ‘the putting together of parts’, was a term also used for mending broken bones.
2.
In Latin,
pax ecclesiae
, promulgated in
AD
990 at Charroux, Narbonne and Le Puy.
3.
M. Bull,
Knightly Piety and the Response to the First Crusade
, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993, p. 57.
4.
Ibid., p. 55.
5.
In Latin,
treuga
or
treva dei
, first codified in 1027 at the Synod of Elne, near Perpignan.
6.
A. Hyland,
The Medieval Warhorse
, Thrupp, Sutton, 1994, p. 59.
7.
Ex chronico Mauriniacensi
, in RHF, vol. X, p. 87.
8.
Vermandois as a vassal needed to ask permission to marry. Aelith, being unmarried, was Louis’ ward to give to whom he pleased.
9.
G.R. Evans,
Bernard of Clairvaux
, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 15.
10.
James,
Letters of St Bernard
, Letters 294–8.
11.
Richard, p. 106.
12.
James,
Letters of St Bernard
, Letter 296.
13.
E. Panofsky,
Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St Denis
, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1946, p. 115.
14.
F. Heer,
The Medieval World
, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962, p. 330.
15.
Panofsky,
Abbot Suger
, pp. 64–7.
16.
In Latin,
Hoc vas sponsa dedit Aanor regi Ludovico, Mitadolus avo, mihi Rex, santisque Sugerius.
17.
The broad porch spanning the width of the building at its western end where the unbaptised, the lepers and sinners whose penance had not been discharged were allowed to listen to the services taking place within.
18.
William of Newburgh Historia Rerum Anglicanum
, ed. R. Howlett, RS 82, vol. I, p. 93.
19.
Salerno had in the eleventh century a famous teacher of midwifery called Tortola de Ruggiero. Her revolutionary book,
De passionibus mulierum curandorum ante, in et post partum
– The Care of Women before, during and after giving Birth – recommended cleanliness, avoidance of noise, stress and worry, and the use of opiates to relieve pain.
1.
At the time the word ‘crusade’ was not used; crusaders thought of themselves as being pilgrims on the journey to Jerusalem, or to the Holy Sepulchre.
2.
A. Maalouf,
The Crusades through Arab Eyes
, London, Al-Saqi Books, 1984, p. 134.
3.
Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, or William of Tyre A History of Deeds done beyond the Sea
, ed. and trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, 2 vols, New York, Columbia University Press, 1943.
4.
Maalouf,
Through Arab Eyes
, p. 135.
5.
Abu el-Farraj, quoted in ibid., p. 136.
6.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, p. 77.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Maalouf,
Through Arab Eyes
, p. 137.
9.
Vita Sugerii
in RHF, vol. XII, p. 108.
10.
Literally, ‘ox ford’.
11.
Bull,
Knightly Piety and the Response to the First Crusade
, p. 5.
12.
Historia rerum anglicanum
.
13.
Evans,
Bernard of Clairvaux
, p. 12.
14.
‘Chaplain’ is a translation of
capellanus
, from
capella
meaning ‘chapel’. The first illiterate Carolingian king, Pépin the Short, entrusted the writing and checking of written documents to his clerics whose original position of trust had been to look after the court’s most precious relic: the cappa or torn cloak of the martyred St Martin of Tours.
15.
James,
Letters of St Bernard
, p. 323.
16.
Ibid., p. 393.
17.
Bernard,
Epistolae
, p. 566.
18.
Hyland,
Warhorse
, p. 65.
19.
Ibid.
20.
Odo de Deuil De Ludovici VII francorum regis profectione in oriente
, ed. H. Waquet, Paris, Paul Geuthner, 1949, p. 10.
21.
Ibid., pp. 30–2.
22.
Ibid., p. 26:
stilum vertamus
.
23.
J. Michaud,
Bibliothèque des Croisades
(4 vols), Paris, 1829, vol. III, pp. 402–4.
1.
Odo
, pp. 34–5.
2.
Ibid., pp. 36–7.
3.
Kamal ad-Din, the chronicler of Aleppo, quoted in Maalouf,
Through Arab Eyes
, p. 145.
4.
This is exactly what happened when, on 13 April 1204, the Fourth Crusade sacked the Christian capital on the Bosporus in a four-day orgy of killing and destruction – and thus ended the thousand-year role of Byzantium as the bulwark of Europe against Asiatic inroads.
5.
The modern name ‘Istanbul’ is merely a corruption of the Greek words
stin poli
, meaning ‘into the city’.
6.
Odo
, pp. 44–5.
7.
Ibid.
8.
RHF, vol. XVI, p. 11.
9.
Smaller-scale Turkish or Arabic baths.
10.
Robert of Clari, in
Three Old French Chronicles
, ed. E.N. Stone, Seattle, University of Washington 1939, p. 139.
11.
Odo
, pp. 54–5.
12.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, p. 168.
13.
Ibid., pp. 169–76.
14.
Guillaume de Nangis,
Chronique
, in Guizot,
Collection des Mémoires relatifs à l’Histoire de France
, 32 vols, Paris, 1823–36, vol. XIII, p. 31.
1.
First recorded in Europe in 1187.
2.
Heer,
Medieval World
, p. 100.
3.
Odo
, pp. 79–80.
4.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, p. 179.
5.
Ibid., p. 80.
6.
Ibid., p. 179.
7.
Ibid., p. 180.
8.
Heer,
Medieval World
, p. 111.
9.
Jacques de Vitry, in Michaud,
Bibliothèque
, vol. I, pp. 175–7.
10.
Ibid.
11.
John of Salisbury,
Historiae Pontificalis Quae Supersunt
, p. 53.
12.
Gesta Louis VII
, in Michaud,
Bibliothèque
, vol. I, p. 255.
13.
Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. I, p. 32.
14.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Epistolae
, in PL, vol. CLXXXII, p. 394.
15.
Suger,
Epistolae
, in RHF, vol. XV, p. 509.
16.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, pp. 180–1.
17.
John of Salisbury,
Historiae Pontificalis Quae Supersunt
, ed. R.L. Poole, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1927, p. 53.
18.
Gervase of Canterbury,
Opera Historica
, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols), vol. I, p. 149.
19.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, p. 182.
20.
‘Te peto, te colo / te flagro, te volo / canto, saluto’
, quoted in Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 64.
21.
J. Prawer,
The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988, p. 48.
22.
After Suger’s death on 13 January 1151, he was elected Abbot of St Denis, only to be accused of malpractice and homicide until Bernard of Clairvaux came to his defence.
23.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, p. 184.
24.
Maalouf,
Through Arab Eyes
, p. 147.
25.
A corruption of
beau sang
, or Christ’s Blood.
26.
Ibn Al-Qalansis, quoted in Maalouf,
Through Arab Eyes
, p. 148.
27.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, pp. 187–94.
28.
Maalouf,
Through Arab Eyes
, p. 150.
29.
Suger,
Epistolae
, in RHF, vol. XV, p. 509.
30.
Higounet, Gardelles and Lafaurie,
Bordeaux pendant le Moyen Age
, p. 153.
31.
Ibid., p. 155.
32.
William of Tyre History
, vol. 2, p. 150.
1.
Kelly,
Eleanor
, p. 69.
2.
Modern Frascati.
3.
John of Salisbury,
Historiae Pontificalis Quae Supersunt
, pp. 51–3.
4.
In Latin,
‘Regi invicto ab Oriente reduci frementes Laetitiae cives 1149’
and
‘Turki ad ripas Meandri caesis fugatis’
. See F.A. Gervaise,
Histoire de Suger
, vol. III, Nevers, 1721, p. 349.
5.
Otto of Friesing, in Michaud,
Bibliothèque
, vol. II, p. 538.
6.
Bernard le Trésorier, Continuation de … Guillaume de Tyr
, in Guizot,
Collection des Mémoires
, vol. XIX, p. 568.
7.
Heer,
Medieval World
, p. 128.
8.
Robert of Torigni,
Chronicle
, ed. R. Howlett, Rolls Series No. 82, vol. 4, p. 162.
9.
J. Chartrou,
L’Anjou de 1109 à 1151, Foulque de Jerusalem et Geoffroi Plantagenet
, Paris, 1928, p. 66.
10.
Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. I, p. 70.
11.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Epistolae
, p. 575.
12.
Giraldus,
De Principiis
, ed. G.F. Warner, Rolls Series No. 21, vol. VIII, p. 309.
13.
Howlett,
Robert of Torigni Chronicle
, p. 162.
14.
E.R. Labande,
Pour une image véridique d’Aliénor d’Aquitaine
, in
Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest
, 4th series, 1952, vol. 2, p. 198.
15.
Howlett,
Robert of Torigni Chronicle
, p. 162.
16.
Ibid., p. 163.
17.
Chronique de Touraine
, ed. A. Salmon, Tours, 1894, p. 135.
18.
Historia Gloriosi Regis Ludovici VII,
in RHF, vol. XII, p. 127.
19.
‘elle trompait le roi en pleine cour’.
20.
Richard, p. 108.
21.
Ibid.
22.
‘elle était de celles-là qui aiment à être battues’.
Richard, p. 110.
23.
Howlett,
William of Newburgh Historia
, vol. I, p. 93.
1.
Howlett,
Robert of Torigni Chronicle
, p. 165.
2.
Bartlett,
Norman and Angevin Kings
, p. 140.
3.
Ibid.