A Quiet Revolution (59 page)
Read A Quiet Revolution Online
Authors: Leila Ahmed
Tags: #Religion, #Islam, #History, #Social Science, #Customs & Traditions, #Women's Studies
Great Britain: in Egypt,
28
–
33
,
37
,
39
–
42
,
54
; and the Holy Land,
51
,
54
–
55
; impe- rialism (generally),
23
–
25
; Port Said bombarded,
58
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
(El Fadl),
185
–
86
Haddad, Yvonne: on
9
/
11
’s impact,
200
,
223
; as convention speaker,
241
,
242
,
330
(n
14
); on hijab as choice,
245
; on Qutb,
105
–
7
Haffajee, Khadija,
259
–
61
,
291
,
296
Hagler, Grayland,
241
,
242
,
330
(n
14
) hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca),
173
Hamid, Ala,
143
hate crimes,
193
,
197
,
199
–
201
,
213
,
326
(n
13
)
The Hate Which Hate Produced
(Wallace; PBS),
172
head scarf.
See
hijab; veil Helmore, Kristin,
113
Herrick-Stare, Jeanne,
242
,
330
(n
17
) hijab (
see also
Islamic dress; unveiling
movement; veil): adopted by school- girls,
125
–
26
,
128
,
146
–
47
,
170
; after
9
/
11
terrorist attacks,
193
,
197
,
200
,
204
–
13
,
246
,
247
–
48
; as emblem of call for jus- tice,
8
,
210
–
11
; fashion and,
101
,
266
; as form of da‘wa,
92
; fundamental to Is- lamist movement,
100
,
132
–
35
,
139
–
40
,
169
,
286
; government bans,
146
–
47
,
207
; Islamist leaders’ influence on spread,
131
–
35
,
151
,
169
,
175
; ISNA and,
7
,
169
,
247
–
48
,
255
–
56
; Macleod’s
study,
118
–
25
; meaning not fixed,
211
–
13
; Mubarak on,
251
–
52
; parents’ reac-
tions,
84
,
126
,
146
–
47
,
170
; pressure to
don,
85
,
124
–
27
,
151
–
53
; reappearance
tied to Islamist movement,
8
–
9
,
46
–
47
,
77
–
79
,
82
–
90
,
117
–
18
,
120
–
29
,
209
–
10
;
reasons for adopting,
87
–
89
,
119
–
25
,
133
,
150
–
51
,
207
–
13
,
252
,
283
–
84
; rea-
sons for not wearing,
125
,
207
–
8
,
283
–
84
; as rejection of Western-style soci- ety,
11
,
83
,
86
,
88
,
118
,
120
; religious ob- servance and presence/absence of,
121
,
128
–
29
; subsidized,
85
,
152
; as symbol
of Islamism,
3
,
49
–
50
,
77
,
78
,
82
–
84
,
139
–
40
,
286
; worn by activists,
292
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan,
14
,
196
,
221
,
225
,
226
,
Horowitz, David,
219
,
220
–
21
,
226
,
227
,
Hourani, Albert,
19
–
20
,
35
,
43
,
45
,
46
,
63
,
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad,
94
–
96
Ibn Saud, Abdel Aziz, King of Saudi Ara- bia,
96
ICNA.
See
Islamic Circle of North Amer- ica
imperialism: British in Egypt,
27
–
32
; and
ideas of European superiority,
20
–
25
,
30
–
32
,
309
(n
17
); and the “oppression of women in Islam” theme,
14
,
23
–
24
,
31
–
32
,
221
–
31
; veiling debates,
10
–
11
In Fraternity: A Message to the Muslims of America
(Hathout, et al.),
168
Iraq: under British control,
58
; Iraq War (
2003
–
10
),
217
,
220
,
222
,
228
,
229
; Per-
sian Gulf War (
1990
–
91
),
187
–
89
;
Islam (
see also
Islamism; mosques, American; mosques, Middle Eastern; Quran; religious observance;
and spe- cific countries, organizations, and indi- viduals
): Abduh’s call for reform,
33
; and clothing (
see
hijab; veil); diversity,
96
–
97
; forms (
see
Wahhabi Islam); and gender justice,
266
–
67
,
269
–
72
(
see also
gender segregation); “oppression of women” theme,
14
,
23
–
24
,
31
–
32
,
221
–
31
,
283
; post–
9
/
11
interest in,
201
–
3
; as
religion of justice,
242
; transformation of,
280
–
81
Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA),
Islamic dress (
see also
hijab; veil): advent
of,
77
; central to Islamist message,
100
,
132
–
35
,
139
–
40
,
169
,
175
; commitment
to Islamism symbolized,
79
,
82
–
84
; ini- tially a women’s movement,
87
; Islam- ist leaders’ influence on spread of,
132
–
35
; militant jihadists’ insistence on,
139
–
40
; non-Islamist reactions,
78
,
83
–
85
,
86
,
90
; reasons for adopting,
79
,
83
,
85
–
90
,
150
–
51
; style and fashion,
49
,
82
–
83
,
101
,
266
; subsidized,
133
,
152
;
as symbol of Islamism,
83
,
139
–
40
Islamic extremism (
see also
militant Is- lamist groups; terrorism): active in
mosques,
144
–
45
,
318
–
19
(n
27
); and the
Afghani jihad,
177
–
81
; and Egyptian schools,
141
–
42
; escalation, in
1990
s,
4
–
5
; ISNA and MSA accused of,
186
,
324
(n
33
)
Islamic Jihad (
see also
al-Zawahiri, Ayman):
4
–
5
,
93
,
103
–
5
,
144
Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) (
see also
conventions): as authority on Islam,
169
,
171
,
175
; and domestic vio-
lence,
257
–
58
; founding,
5
,
156
,
166
; and
gender segregation,
7
–
8
,
247
–
48
,
250
;
generational change,
247
,
255
–
56
,
268
–
69
; growth,
168
; impact of “oppression of women” theme,
245
–
53
; importance of hijab,
169
,
247
–
48
,
255
–
56
; increas-
ing prominence,
175
; influence,
161
; Is- lamist ideology,
169
; male dominance viewpoint,
267
–
69
; matrimonial ser- vices,
254
,
332
(n
35
); Muslim Brother- hood and,
5
,
156
,
321
(n
16
); non-Islamist Muslim criticism of,
186
–
87
; openness to different perspectives,
246
–
51
,
255
–
56
,
267
–
68
,
304
; and the Persian Gulf War,
188
–
90
; political engagement en- couraged,
166
–
68
; women in leader- ship,
245
–
47
,
251
,
256
–
64
,
268
–
69
(
see
also
Mattson, Ingrid); and women’s rights,
292
(
see also
women’s activism)
Islamic Teaching Center,
164
,
166
Islamism (
see also
da‘wa; Islamic extrem- ism; jihad; militant Islamist groups;
and specific countries, organizations, and individuals
): African American Muslims and,
171
–
75
; vs. Arab nation- alism and socialism,
62
–
63
; Arab- Israeli wars and,
54
–
55
,
65
–
66
,
77
–
78
,
88
; attraction of,
90
–
92
,
127
–
28
; belief
in inevitable advance,
154
–
55
; charita- ble work,
75
–
76
; defined,
9
; govern-
ment bans,
146
–
47
,
149
,
160
; Gulf
wealth and the spread of,
94
,
98
,
101
–
2
; identity anchored in Islam, not ethnic- ity/nation,
210
;
jahiliyya
defined,
69
–
70
; leadership often secularly trained,
99
–
100
,
164
; legal persecution of non- Islamists,
143
–
44
; mainstream, nonvio- lent organizations,
82
; mainstream ideology and activism,
148
–
55
; non- Islamist Muslim criticism of,
186
–
87
,