A Queer History of the United States (40 page)

Finistere
(Peters), 184

Firestone, Shulamith, xiii, xiv

Fireworks
(Anger), 199

Flaming Creatures
(Smith), 199

Fletcher, Bruz, 122

Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 146–47, 148

food, 84–85

foster care, 223, 236

Fouratt, Jim, 210

Franklin, Benjamin, 27, 28

freedom.
See
liberty

free love movements, 82, 144, 204

Freud, Sigmund, 126

Friedan, Betty, 212

friendship.
See
homosocial space

Friganza, Trixie, 120

Fuller, Margaret, 51–52, 148

Funicello, Annette, 195

Ganymede, 14, 51–52

Garbo, Greta, 196, 216

Garland, Judy, 182

Gay, Martin, 49, 50

Gay Activists Alliance, 211–12, 231

Gay Liberation Front, 202, 210–12, 223, 231, 232

“A Gay Manifesto” (Wittman), 208–9

Gay Men's Health Crisis, 228, 231

gender: in 1950s, 181–82, 196, 200, 201; in 1960s, 196, 204; in American Civil War era, 64–66, 68–71, 74–75, 82; in American Revolutionary War era, 28–32, 35–39; art and, 74–75, 138–39; Bible and, 28, 35–36, 38, 48; the body and, 74–75, 137–39, 142, 157, 196; children and, 131; citizenship and, 70–71, 134; civilization and, 44–46; in colonial era, 2–5, 13; community and, 70–72, 181–82; consumerism and, 131, 137–42; dress and, 196, 204; entertainment and, 104–6, 113–22; identity and, 132–37, 155; labor and, 88, 145–47, 148–49, 154–55, 167; LGBT movements and, 181–82; literature and, 134–37, 200, 201; in literature of the East, 48–49, 55–56; livelihood and, 72, 148–49, 154–55; military and, 155; New Deal and, 148–51; psychology and, 186–87; Puritanism and, 13; purity and, 84; race and, 90, 115, 132–37; Red Scare and, 144–48; religion and, 28, 35–36, 38, 140–42; restraint and, 84; sexology and, 95–96, 105; social purity movements and, 101; violence and, 64–66; in the West, 41–46; World War II and, 153–58, 167, 196.
See also
feminism; transgender

Gilbert, Sue, 1, 53–54

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 132, 133

Ginsberg, Allen, 200, 201

Giovanni's Room
(Baldwin), 202

Glee
, 237–38

Godey's Lady Book
, 70

The God of Vengeance
(Asch), 117

Goldman, Emma, 93, 94, 97, 143, 146, 151

Gomorrah, 61, 135

government: in 1970s, 218–24; in 1980s, 224, 225–26, 227, 230–31; censorship and, 117–18, 142–43, 145, 146, 157; children and, 148; LGBT movements and, 218–24; motherhood and, 148; New Deal and, 149–51, 153; Red Scare and, 142–48, 180; State Department, 180; Treasury Department, 149.
See also
laws; police

Graham, Sylvester, 84–85

Gran Fury collective, 232–33

Grecian Guild Quarterly
, 188

Greenwich Village, 112–13, 122–23, 171, 197, 198, 209–10

The Group
(McCarthy), 183

Guerrier, Edith, xii

Hansberry, Lorraine, 202

Harlem, 113, 121–22, 123, 126–28, 163, 172

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 54, 71

Hay, Harry, 1, 94, 179–81, 184, 229, 232, 235

Hayes Code, 119

Haymarket riot, 92–93

Hays, Matilda, 71–72

healthcare, 225–26, 227, 228–29.
See also
mental health

Hellman, Lillian, 198

Hepburn, Katharine, 196, 216

From Here to Eternity
(Jones), 168–69, 179

The Hermaphrodite
(Howe), 55–56, 98–99

heterosexuality, 90, 129–37, 140–42, 192

Heywood, Angela, 95

Hickok, Lorena, 149–50

Highsmith, Patricia, 183

hippies, 204

Hirschfeld, Magnus, 122

Hispanic Americans, 47

history, ix–x, xi–xx, 1, 11, 238–42

Hitler, Adolf, 134, 155

HIV, 225.
See also
AIDS

Holman, Libby, 121

home.
See
family; housing

homophobia, 11–12, 226

homosexuality, xvii, 1, 78, 90–91, 105.
See also
same-sex relationships

homosocial space: in American Revolutionary War era, 32–35; civilization and, 44–46; community and, 109–11; in correspondence, 33–35; correspondence and, 110; desire and, 32, 33–34; in the East, literature of, 50–51, 55–56, 58–60; Enlightenment and, 32, 39; equality and, 32; expansion and, 42–46; housing and, 109–11; interracial relationships and, 58–60; in literature, 50–51, 55–56, 58–60, 97–98; marriage and, 32–33, 45; sexology and, 150; urbanization and, 109–11; in the West, 42–46; World War II and, 157–58

Hoover, J. Edgar, 124, 143, 177, 237

Hornblow, Arthur, Jr., 117

Hosmer, Harriet, 71, 74–75, 234

housing, 107–13, 153, 171, 177

Hovey, Richard, xii

Howe, Julia Ward, 55–56, 73, 98–99

Howe, Samuel Gridley, 55–56

“Howl” (Ginsberg), 200

Howl and Other Poems
(Ginsberg), 201

Hudson, Rock, 192, 193

Hull House, 108–9, 110, 183

human immunodeficiency virus, 225.
See also
AIDS

human rights, 78–79, 149, 150, 220.
See also
civil rights

Hunter, Tab, 192, 193, 194

Hutchinson, Anne, 13, 15, 235

identity: in 1950s, 179, 192, 196; in 1960s, 196; in 1970s, 221–23; abolition and, 40; in American Civil War era, 74–75; in American Revolutionary War era, 40, 41; camp and, 199; capitalism and, xvi, 83, 130; children and, 236–37; citizenship and, 134; in colonial era, 5, 10–11, 17; coming out and, 236–37; community and, 10–11, 106; consumerism and, 130–31; culture and, 130–31, 196; desire and, 97, 103; dress and, 196; economy and, 83, 130–31; expansion and, 40–41; feminism and, 213; gender and, 132–37, 155; heterosexuality and, 129–37, 192; immigration and, 40; Industrial Revolution and, 83; inversion and, 129–30; labor and, 155; language and, xvi–xviii; LGBT movements and, 175, 221–23; liberty and, 41; literature and, 134–37; marginalization of, generally, xiii; national, 40–41, 74–75, 83, 129–37, 145, 156, 235, 241–42; privacy and, 130–31; race and, 40, 132–37; Red Scare and, 145; religion and, xvi, 5, 17, 134–35; reproduction and, 99; Roman Catholic Church and, 5; Roosevelt and, 132–33; same-sex relationships as, generally, 1, 105, 129–30, 175; slavery and, 40–41; social class and, 83; suffrage and, 40; theater and, 105; urbanization and, 106, 130; violence and, 40–41; war and, 40–41; World War II and, 155, 156

“I Don't Care Girl” (Eva Tanguay), 120

immigration, 40, 46–47, 82, 83, 143–44, 145

Imre
(Prime-Stevenson), 97, 103

indentured servitude, 14, 21–22, 57.
See also
slavery

individual: in American Revolutionary War era, 28; in colonial era, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21; community and, 109; equality and, 49–50, 80, 221–22, 239; liberty and, 20, 28, 82, 239; literature of the, in the East, 49–50; slavery and, 21; social purity movements and, 109; society and, 49–50

Industrial Revolution, 83

Industrial Workers of the World, 94, 146

interracial relationships, 57–62, 174, 177, 241

inversion: in 1950s, 179; heterosexuality and, 129–30; identity and, 129–30; in literature, 125–26; Red Scare and, 144; in sexology, 95–96, 114, 123; social purity movements and, 95–96; theater and, 105, 114; urbanization and, 105, 114, 123; World War II and, 163–64

The Invisible Glass
(Wahl), 168

Irving, Washington, 48–49, 104

Isherwood, Christopher, 197

Island of Tranquil Delights
(Stoddard), 58

Jackson, Andrew, 41

James, Alice, 74

James, Henry, 72, 74

James I, 6, 7

Jamestown, 5–6

Jefferson, Thomas, 26–27, 28, 31

Jewel Box Revue, 172, 197

Jewett, Sarah Orne, 74

Jews, 16, 89, 219–20

Jim Crow era, 58, 82, 165–66

Johnston, Jill, 213

John the Evangelist, 7

Jones, James, 168–69, 179

Jones, LeRoi, 201

Jones, Mary Harris “Mother,” 88

Jones, T. C., 197

Joplin, Janis, 204, 216

Joseph and His Friend
(Taylor), 67–68

journalism: in 1950s, 180, 181, 184, 188–90, 191, 192, 193, 194; in 1960s, 210–11, 213, 214–15; in 1970s, 214–15, 223; in American Civil War era, 70; community and, 124; entertainment and, 116, 117, 118–19; LGBT movements and, 214–15, 223; public sphere and, 124; social purity movements and, 87; urbanization and, 124; World War II and, 156, 176.
See also
individual publications

Judaism, 16, 89, 219–20

June, Jennie.
See
Lind, Earl

Katz, Jonathan Ned, xiv, 9, 43, 90

Kellogg, John Harvey, 85

Kennedy, John F., 177, 205, 206

Kerouac, Jack, 200

Kertbeny, Karl-Maria, xv–xvi, xvii, 78, 79, 80

The Kids Are All Right
, 237

Kiernan, James G., 90

The Killing of Sister George
, 237

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 177, 203, 206, 212

King Kong
(Cooper), 136

Kinsey, Alfred, 160, 177–79, 185, 218

Knights of the Clocks, 176–77, 179

Knock on Any Door
(Motley), 183–84

Kramer, Larry, 231

Kuchar, George, 199

Kuchar, Michael, 199

Ku Klux Klan, 145

labor: in 1990s, 236; capitalism and, 83; community and, 107, 109, 171; economy and, 83; gender and, 88, 145–47, 148–49, 154–55, 167; housing and, 107, 109; identity and, 155; immigration and, 83; Industrial Revolution and, 83; LGBT movements and, 181, 236; livelihood, 72, 148–49, 154–55, 181; movements for, 88–89, 91–93, 109, 146–47; police and, 146–47; race and, 83, 88–95, 155, 156; Red Scare and, 144, 145–47; same-sex relationships and, 91–95; social class and, 83, 88, 154; social purity movements and, 88–91; suffrage and, 88; urbanization and, 107, 109; violence and, 92–93; World War II and, 154–55, 156, 167, 171

The Ladder
, 181, 202

Lafayette, Marquis de, 34–35, 45

Lahr, Bert, 115

language: in 1960s, 209; in 1980s, 232; in American Civil War era, 1, 77, 78, 80; in colonial era, 11; historical overview of, xiv–xviii; for LGBT movements, 95, 209, 232; social purity movements and, 90–91, 95–99; urbanization and, 114

Lape, Esther, 149

Last of the Mohicans
(Cooper), 58

The Last of the Wine
(Renault), 183

Lawrence v. Texas
, 236

laws: in 1970s, 218–24; in 1980s, 225–26, 227, 230–31, 240–41; in 1990s, 236; in American Civil War era, 78–82; in American Revolutionary War era, 27–28, 30; capital punishment and, 8, 9; children and, 236; in colonial era, 8–11, 13, 14–16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27–28; community and, 123–25; crime and, xv, xvi, 123–25; cross-dressing and, 13; Enlightenment and, 27; in Europe, 78–79; expansion and, 47; family and, 236, 240; immigration and, 47; language and, xvi; LGBT movements and, 93–95, 218–24, 238–42; marriage and, 57–58, 236, 238–41; privacy and, 125; property and, 23; prostitution and, 86; public sphere and, 123–25; race and, 57–58; religion and, 8–11, 14–16, 22–23; reproduction and, 13, 57–58; in San Francisco, 47; sexual psychopath laws, 123–25, 159; slavery and, 23; social purity movements and, 86–87, 103, 123–25; sodomy and, 17, 20, 27–28, 30, 58, 182–83, 219, 230, 236; urbanization and, 117–18, 123–25; in the West, 47

Leaves of Grass
(Whitman), 1, 65–66, 66–67, 76, 80

“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (Irving), 48–49

Legg, W. Dorr, 176–77

Legion of Decency, 182

leisure: in 1950s, 182; in 1980s, 227, 228–29; in colonial era, 12–13; community and, 46, 111–12, 113, 171–73, 182; consumerism and, 131; friendship and, 32; LGBT movements and, 182, 217; military and, 161, 163, 164–65; public sphere and, 182; race and, 163; in San Francisco, 46, 121; urbanization and, 111–12, 113, 217; World War II and, 161, 163, 164–65, 171–73.
See also
entertainment