A Queer History of the United States (41 page)

lesbian feminist social justice movement, 145–48, 212–14, 222

lesbianism, xvi–xvii.
See also
same-sex relationships

Lesbian Nation
(Johnston), 213

Levelers, 7

Levenson, Lew, 126

Lewis, Edmonia, 71, 74–75

Lewis and Clark expedition, 4–5

Leyendecker, J. C., 138–39

LGBT movements: in 1950s, 179–83, 202; in 1960s, 207, 208–12, 218–19, 221; in 1970s, 212–24; in 1980s, 227–35; in 1990s, 236–38; anarchism and, 183; art and, 232–34; censorship and, 182; children and, 181, 218, 219–20, 221, 222–23, 236–37; civil rights and, 202, 203, 211–12, 218–24, 230–35, 238–42; community and, 176, 179–83, 189; conservative movements and, 219–24, 226–27, 230–31, 239–40; consumerism and, 189; culture and, 217; division in, 181, 211–12, 228, 231, 242; entertainment and, 182, 215–16, 217, 237–38; equality and, 93–95, 179–83, 221–22, 238–42; family and, 218, 222, 223, 240; fantasies and, 222; feminism and, 202, 207, 212–14, 229, 230; gender and, 181–82; government and, 218–24; identity and, 175, 221–23; journalism, 214–15, 223; labor and, 181, 236; language for, 95, 209, 232; laws and, 93–95, 218–24, 238–42; leisure and, 182, 217; liberty and, 93–95, 182–83, 208–16, 218–24; literature and, 213, 215; livelihood and, 181; marriage and, 181, 217, 238–41, 242; morality and, 222; organizations for, 176, 179–83, 202, 209–13, 228–29, 231–35; police and, 209–10; privacy and, 209; psychology and, 217–18; public sphere and, 182, 209; race and, 202, 216; Red Scare and, 145; religion and, 219–20, 221, 223–24; reproduction and, 207; in San Francisco, 209, 224; sodomy and, 219; urbanization and, 216, 217; violence and, 209–10, 224, 241–42

liberty: in 1950s, 182–83, 185; in 1960s, 207–8, 208–12; in 1970s, 212–16, 218–24; in American Civil War era, 63, 78–82; in American Revolutionary War era, 27–28, 38; the body and, 28, 207–8; citizenship and, 78–82; in colonial era, 2, 5, 15, 20, 21; community and, 15, 47; deviance and, 17; equality and, 80, 239, 242; feminism and, 94; free love movement and, 82; identity and, 41; individual and, 20, 28, 82, 239; interracial relationships and, 60; LGBT movements and, 93–95, 182–83, 208–16, 218–24; in literature, 60; in literature of the East, 52; New Deal and, 150–51; psychology and, 185; race and, 57; religion and, 10, 13, 15, 20; in San Francisco, 47; slavery and, 21, 57, 63; social purity movements and, xix, 84, 85–86, 102–3; society and, 16, 20; urbanization and, 103; World War II and, 157–58, 170.
See also
civil rights; equality; privacy

Life
magazine, 155, 162–63, 179, 184, 187, 203, 215

Lillie, Beatrice, 121

Lincoln, Abraham, 65, 75, 82

Lind, Earl, 98–99, 123

Lindner, Robert J., 191–92

literature: in 1950s, 179, 183–91, 197, 200–201, 202–3, 223; in 1960s, 199, 203, 213; in 1970s, 215; in American Civil War era, 64, 65–68, 69, 70, 77–82; in American Revolutionary War era, 29–30, 36, 37–39; censorship of, 125–26, 169–70, 200, 201; in colonial era, 24–25; community and, 123, 125–26; desire in, 96–99, 103; in Elizabethan era, 7; entertainment and, 114; feminism and, 213; friendship in, 50–51, 55–56, 58–60, 97–98; gender and, 134–37, 200, 201; heterosexuality and, 134–37; historical works of, xv–xvi; identity and, 134–37; interracial relationships and, 57, 58–62; LGBT movements and, 213, 215; privacy and, 50, 125–26; public sphere and, 50, 125–26; pulps, 187–88, 189; race and, 57, 58–62, 127, 134–37, 169, 201, 202–3; Red Scare and, 144; sexology and, 96–99, 100–102, 103, 126; slavery and, 57; social purity movements and, 100–102; urbanization and, 123, 125–26; westward expansion and, 43–46, 48–56, 58–62; World War II and, 163–65, 167–70, 190

Little Richard, 195

“Long Tall Sally” (Little Richard), 195

Lorde, Audre, 93

Loring, Frederick W., 67

Los Angeles, 173–74, 199

Louisiana Purchase, 41

Love's Coming of Age
(Carpenter), 126

Loving v. Virginia
, 174

Lowell, Amy, 74

Lucifer with a Book
(Burns), 184

Ludlam, Charles, 198

Lyon, Phyllis, 181

Macfadden, Bernarr, 137–38, 188

Madison, Guy, 192, 194

magazines.
See
journalism

Mailer, Norman, 168, 169, 179

Malcolm X, 206

manifest destiny, 41, 131

Mann, Thomas, 125

mannish lesbian, 96, 115, 125, 144, 172

Marbury, Bessie, 121

marginalization, xiii, 15–16, 23–25, 127–28, 173–74.
See also
othering

marriage: in 1950s, 190, 194; in 1970s, 217; in American Civil War era, 71–72, 72–74; in American Revolutionary War era, 32–33; anarchism and, 93; Boston marriages, 72–74; in colonial era, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 25; consumerism and, 140; culture and, 190; divorce, 93; education and, 73–74; expansion and, 45, 55–56; film and, 194; friendship and, 32–33, 45; laws about, 57–58, 236, 238–41; LGBT movements and, 181, 217, 238–41, 242; race and, 57–58, 174; Red Scare and, 144; reproduction and, 33, 57–58; social purity movements and, 86, 87, 242; suffrage and, 84; World War II and, 156, 170, 174.
See also
family

Martin, Del, 181

Mask and Gown
(Jones), 197

Massachusetts, 6, 9, 13, 14–15, 20, 32, 219

Masters (William) and (Virginia) Johnson, 218

masturbation: in American Civil War era, 61; in colonial era, 8, 9; social purity movements and, 85, 86, 98, 100, 101, 103, 135

Mather, Cotton, 15

The Mattachine Review
, 181

Mattachine Society: in 1950s, 1, 94, 179–81, 211–12; in 1960s, 209–10, 218–19; influence of, 214, 229, 232

maypoles, 14, 16

McCarthy, Joseph, 180

McCarthy, Mary, 183

McCullers, Carson, 183

McPherson, Aimee Semple, 141–42

Meaker, Marijane, 187, 190

Meeker, Richard.
See
Brown, Foreman

Melville, Herman: on Hawthorne, 54; influence of, 77, 80, 190; literature of, 57, 58–60, 61, 62

The Memoirs of Hadrian
(Yourcenar), 183

men.
See
gender

Menken, Adah Isaacs, 105, 106

mental health: deviance, 15–16, 17, 123–25, 158–59, 237, 240; psychiatry, 158–59, 163–64, 166–67, 186, 218; psychology, 96, 164–65, 184–87, 190–91, 191–92, 217–18; the sexual psychopath, 123–25, 159

Merman, Ethel, 116

Merrymount, 13–14, 16, 25

Mexican War, 40, 63

Mexico, 138

Miami, 219–20, 220–21, 222, 223

Middle Passage, 21

Middleton, Thomas, and Thomas Dekker, 6

Midler, Bette, 217

military: in 1960s, 177; citizenship and, 166; culture of, 138; deviance and, 158–59; discharge from, 165–67; don't ask, don't tell policy, 236; gender and, 155; housing and, 153; leisure and, 161, 163, 164–65; peace movements and, 147–48; race and, 153–54, 165–66; recruitment for, 158–60; segregation in, 154; sodomy and, 158, 165; in World War II, 153–54, 155, 157–63, 164–67

Milk, Harvey, 220, 224

Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 183

Millett, Kate, 223

Mineo, Sal, 191, 193

Minnelli, Vincente, 139–40

Mizer, Bob, 188

Moby-Dick
(Melville), 58, 59–60, 61, 62

Montesquieu, 27–28

Moore, R. I., 16–17, 226

Moorehead, Agnes, 216

morality: in 1970s, 222; alcohol and, 84; community and, 107–8; LGBT movements and, 222; sexology and, 100–102; slavery and, 23–24; social purity movements and, 84, 85–87, 100–102; theater and, 104–6; urbanization and, 85–86, 100–101, 107–8

Morton, Thomas, 13–14, 15, 16

motherhood, 84, 87, 100, 148.
See also
family

Motley, Willard, 183–84

movies.
See
film

Muggletonians, 7

Muscle Beach Party
, 195

music: in 1950s, 189, 194–95, 199; in 1960s, 199, 203–4; in 1970s, 213; social purity movements and, 87, 101; urbanization and, 109, 111, 127.
See also
entertainment; theater

NAACP, 127, 143

Nader, George, 192, 193

The Naked and the Dead
(Mailer), 168, 169, 179

Naked Lunch
(Burroughs), 200

National Organization for Decent Literature, 169

National Organization of Women, 203, 212–13

Native Americans: in American Civil War era, 57; in American Revolutionary War era, 29; colonial era and, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23–24, 24–25; expansion and, 41; marriage and, 2, 4, 5, 14, 25; sexuality of, 2–5, 23–24, 24–25, 57; violence and, 2, 5, 18, 41

natural rights, 78–79

nature: civilization and, 25, 51; race and, 51, 62; same-sex relationships as natural, xv, xvi, 78–79, 94, 164, 218; in transcendentalism, 49–52, 53, 56–57

Negri, Pola, 118

Nelson, Ricky, 195

Never the Same Again
(Tesch), 184

New Deal, 148–51, 153

Newman, Lesléa, 236

news, 225, 238.
See also
journalism

newspapers.
See
journalism

Newton, Esther, xiv, 96

Newton, Huey, 216

New York City: AIDS in, 227; art in, 199; Bowery, 122–23; brothels in, 85–86; censorship in, 117–18; community in, 171, 172; entertainment in, 117–18, 172, 198–99; Greenwich Village, 112–13, 122–23, 171, 197, 198, 209–10; Harlem, 113, 121–22, 123, 126–28, 163, 172; Henry Street Settlement in, 110–11; housing in, 107; laws in, 227; leisure in, 227; population of, 19; race in, 174–75

New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, 86, 117–18

New York Times
, 216, 218, 224, 225, 230, 238

Niles, Blair, 126

Norse, Harold, 200

Novarro, Ramon, 118

Nugent, Richard Bruce, 123

obscenity, 86, 201.
See also
pornography

Odd Girl Out
(Bannon), 188

Omoo
(Melville), 58–59, 61, 62

ONE
, 180, 181, 201

One-Eyed Charley, 42

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin), 64

oral sex, 8–9, 66–67, 85

Orlovsky, Peter, 200

othering, 23–25, 62, 113–14.
See also
marginalization

Our Bodies, Ourselves
, 229

Packer, Vin, 187, 190

Palmer Raids, 143, 144

the pansy, 115, 118, 122–23, 144

Parker, Dorothy, 114

Patrick, Robert, 198

patriotism, 144–45, 156

Patton, Cindy, 230

peace movements, 147–48, 203, 205–6

Penn, William, 19–20

People in Trouble
(Schulman), 226

Perkins, Anthony, 190, 193–94

persecuting society: AIDS and, 226; in American Civil War era, 75; in American Revolutionary War era, 39; in colonial era, 16–18, 21–25, 39; in Jim Crow era, 82; LGBT movements and, 222; New Deal and, 150–51; in Progressive Era, 82; religion and, 64; slavery and, 21–25.
See also
conservative movements; social purity movements

Peters, Fritz, 168, 184

Physical Culture
, 137–38, 188

physique magazines, 188–90

Physique Pictorial
, 188–90, 191, 192, 193, 194

Pillow Talk
, 192

Plaine of Guilford, 9

Plato, xv, xvii, xviii, 51

Playboy
, 188, 193, 214–15

pleasure: in 1950s, 192–93; in 1980s, 230; in American Revolutionary War era, 34; in colonial era, 12–13; expansion and, 52; social purity movements and, 88, 94, 99–100, 136

Pleasure Man
(West), 116

Plessy v. Ferguson
, 92–93

police: in 1950s, 180, 182, 195; in 1960s, 206, 208, 209–10; labor and, 146–47; LGBT movements and, 209–10; social purity movements and, 92; theater and, 117; urbanization and, 117, 123, 171, 173–74; World War II and, 171, 173–74.
See also
crime