A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (183 page)

86. Naomi Lamoreaux,
The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Louis Galambos and Joseph C. Pratt,
The Rise of the Corporate Commonwealth: U.S. Business and Public Policy in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Basic Books, 1988).

87. Brodsky,
Grover Cleveland
, 356.

88. Ibid., 363.

89. Ibid., 387.

90. Ibid., 422.

Chapter 13. “Building Best, Building Greatly,” 1896–1912

1. “The Average American,”
Current Literature
, 31, 1901, 421; George E. Mowry,
The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912
(New York: Harper Torch-books, 1958), 2–3.

2. Scott Derks,
The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the United States, 1860–1999
(Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishing, 1999), 74.

3. Ibid., 73.

4. Derks,
Working Americans
, 57.

5. Ibid., 62.

6. Leon Trotsky,
My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography
(New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1930), 274.

7. Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks,
It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 16–17.

8. Ibid., 82.

9. Mowry,
Era of Theodore Roosevelt
, 5.

10. Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 353.

11. Linda Simon,
Genuine Reality: A Life of William James
(New York: Harcourt, 1998), xvi–xvii.

12. Ibid., xvii.

13. Ibid., 191.

14. Ibid., 232.

15. Ibid., 234.

16. A good summary of James’s views is found at “William James and Pragmatism,” http://expert. cc.purdue.edu/-miller91/

17. See Philip Jenkins,
Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History
(New York: Oxford, 2000), 46–69.

18. Thomas Kinkade,
The Spirit of America
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 32.

19. Rhonda Thomas Tripp, compilers,
The International Thesaurus of Quotations
(New York: Thomas Y. Crowll, 1970), 1041.

20. Kinkade,
Spirit of America
, 109.

21. John. F. Kennedy, from Tripp,
Thesaurus
, 20.

22. H. Wayne Morgan,
William McKinley and His America
(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1963), 23.

23. Quoted in Morgan,
William McKinley
, 185.

24. Ibid., 269.

25. Lewis L. Gould,
The Presidency of William McKinley
(Lawrence, KS: Regents Press of Kansas, 1980).

26. Ibid., 49.

27. Morgan,
William McKinley
, 295.

28. Denis Brian,
Pulitzer: A Life
(New York: John Wiley, 2001).

29. Morgan,
William McKinley
, 330.

30. Ibid., 356.

31. Ibid.

32. Frank Friedel,
The Splendid Little War
(New York: Bramhall House, 1959).

33. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 351.

34. Friedel,
Splendid Little War
, 22.

35. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 349.

36. Ibid., 556.

37. Pershing quoted on the San Juan Hill website, http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/ spanish_am/11_crowdedhour. html.

38. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 561.

39. Leon Wolff,
Little Brown Brother
(London: Longmans, 1961), 231.

40. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1053.

41. Ibid., 2:1052.

42. Morris,
Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, 719.

43. Morgan,
William McKinley
, 508.

44. Ibid., 521.

45. Brian Thornton, “When a Newspaper Was Accused of Killing a President,”
Journalism History
, 26, Autumn 2000, 108–16, quotation on 108.

46. Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Ballantine, 1979), 21.

47. Ibid., 22.

48. Ibid., 20.

49. Ibid., 314.

50. Ibid., 227.

51. Patrick F. Palermo,
Lincoln Steffens
(New York: Twayne, 1978), 15.

52. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 617; Theodore Rooseevelt,
Works
(New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1923–1926); H. C. Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt, eds.,
Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt
, 2 vols. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1925).

53. Theodore Roosevelt, “Citizenship in a Republic,” Speech at the Sorbonne, Paris, April 23, 1910, quoted online at http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/quotes. htm.

54. Mowry,
Era of Theodore Roosevelt
, 113.

55. Ibid.

56. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 257.

57. George Bittlingmayer, “Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century,”
Business History Review
, Autumn 1996, available online at http://www. business. ku. edu/home/ gbittlingmayer/research/Antitrustbusiness. pdf.

58. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1086.

59. Ibid., 830.

60. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1086.

61. Boyer, et al.,
Enduring Vision
, 639.

62. Mowry,
Era of Theodore Roosevelt
, 132.

63. Ibid., 167.

64. Ibid., 205.

65. Roderick Nash,
The Wilderness in the American Mind
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).

66. Shepard Kretch III,
The Ecological Indian: Myth and History
(New York: Norton, 1999), 21.

67. Andrew C. Isenberg,
Destruction of the Bison
, 189; Edmund Contoski,
Makers and Takers: How Wealth and Progress are Made and How They Are Taken Away or Prevented
(Minneapolis: American Liberty Publishers, 1997).

68. John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett,
The Myth of the American Superhero
(Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2002), 58.

69. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 2:1065; Boyer, et al.,
Enduring Vision
, 614.

70.
The Outlook
, editorial, 74, 1903, 961.

71. New York
Times
, March 25, 1911.

72. Quoted online at http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining. html

73. Quoted at http://www. rose_hulman. edu/~delacova/canal/canal_history. htm.

74. Mowry,
Era of Theodore Roosevelt
, 159.

75. Judy Mohraz,
The Separate Problem: Case Studies of Black Education in the North, 1900–1930
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979).

76. Quoted online at http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sbodurt2/court/cases/plessy. html

77. Robert L. Zangrando,
The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980); Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck,
Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1995).

78. Gilbert Osofsky,
Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966), 4.

79. Ibid., 14.

80. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 665.

81. Alexander B. Callow Jr.,
American Urban History: An Interpretive Reader with Commentaries
(New York: Oxford, 1969); James W. Johnson,
Black Manhattan
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1930); Roi Ottley and William J. Weatherby, eds.,
The Negro in New York: An Informal Social History, 1626–1940
(New York: Praeger, 1969).

82. Gilbert Osofsky, “Harlem Tragedy: An Emerging Slum,” in Callow,
American Urban History
, 240–62.

83. Kathy Russell, Midge Wilson, Ronald Hall,
Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).

84. Mowry,
Era of Theodore Roosevelt
, 220.

85. Ibid., 227.

86. Ibid., 239.

87. Ibid., 244–45.

88. Ibid., 230.

89. Ibid., 259.

90. Michael L. Bromley,
William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency, 1909–1913
(Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003).

 

Chapter 14. War, Wilson, and Internationalism, 1912–20

1. Gilbert,
History of the Twentieth Century,
185; Norman Angell,
The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage
, 3rd ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1911).

2. Ibid., 279.

3. Ibid., 51.

4. Ivan S. Bloch,
The Future of War in Its Technical, Economic, and Political Relations: Is War Now Impossible?
(New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1899).

5. Larry Schweikart,
The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth: Harcourt, 2000), 304–8; Folsom,
The Empire Builders: How Michigan Entrepreneurs Helped Make America Great
, passim; Henry Ford, in Jonathan R. T. Hughes,
The Vital Few: The Entrepreneurs and American Economic Progress
, exp. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 274–356; Allan Nevins and F. E. Hill,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(New York: Scribner’s, 1954); Allan Nevins,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York: Scribner’s, 1957) and his
Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962
(New York: Scribner’s, 1963); Keith Sward,
The Legend of Henry Ford
(New York: Rinehart, 1948).

6. Folsom,
Empire Builders
, 142 and 171.

7. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 306.

8. Hughes,
Vital Few
, 292.

9. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 306.

10. Hughes,
Vital Few
, 306–23; Harold Livesay,
American Made: Men Who Shaped the American Economy
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 159–72; David E. Kyvig and Myron A. Marty,
Nearby History: Exploring the Past Around You
(Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982), 1–2; W. A. Simonds,
Henry Ford
(Los Angeles: F. Clymer, 1946).

11. Tom D. Crouch,
The Bishop’s Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 268.

12. Ibid., 368.

13. Robert R. Owens,
Speak to the Rock: The Azusa Street Revival: Its Roots and Its Message
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998), 53.

14. Rauedenbusch,
Christianity and the Social Crisis
(New York: Macmillan, 1907) and his
Christianity and the Social Order
(New York: Macmillan, 1915).

15. Goldfield, et al.,
American Journey
, 673.

16. George Kibbe Turner, “The City of Chicago: A Study in Great Immoralities,”
McClure’s Magazine
, 30, April 1907, 575–92; Vice Commission of Chicago,
The Social Evil in Chicago
(Chicago: Vice Commission of Chicago, 1912).

17. Jane Addams,
A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil
(New York: Macmillan, 1912) and her
Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes
(New York: Macmillan, 1910) and
Peace and Bread in Time of War
(New York: Macmillan, 1922); John C. Farell,
Beloved Lady: A History of Jane Addams’ Ideas on Reform and Peace
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967); James W. Linn,
Jane Addams: A Biography
(New York: Appleton-Century, 1935).

18. Alan Brinkley,
American History: A Survey Since 1865
, 2 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999), 2:723.

19. Edmund Morris,
Theodore Rex
(New York: Random House, 2001).

20. John Morton Blum,
Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1956); Arthur S. Link,
Woodrow Wilson: A Brief Biography
(Cleveland: World Publishing, 1963); Edwin A. Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).

21. George Grant,
Killer Angel
(Nashville: Cumberland House, 2001), 38.

22. Woodrow Wilson,
The State
(Boston: D. C. Heath, 1889), 638–40, 651–52, 656–61.

23. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 640.

24. Fred Greenbaum, “William Gibbs McAdoo: Business Promoter as Politician” in
Men Against Myths: The Progressive Response
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), 131–52; John J. Broesamle,
William Gibbs McAdoo: A Passion for Change, 1863–1917
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1973).

25. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 279–82 and his Introduction in Larry Schweikart, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance in 1913
, xi–xxxi; Lynne Doti and Larry Schweikart,
Banking in the American West from Gold Rush to Deregula-
tion
; Larry Schweikart, “U.S. Commercial Banking: A Historiographical Survey,”
Business History Review
, Autumn 1991, 606–61.

26. Charles W. Calomiris and Carolos D. Ramirez, “The Role of Financial Relationships in the History of American Corporate Finance,”
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance
, 9, Summer 1996, 32–72.

27. Eugene N. White,
Regulation and Reform of the American Banking System, 1900–1929
(Princeton: Princeton University Press 1983); James Livingston,
Origins of the Federal Reserve System
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986); Richard H. Timberlake,
The Origins of Central Banking in the United States
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978).

28. W. Elliot Brownlee,
Federal Taxation in America: A Short History
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996), and W. Elliot Brownlee, ed.,
Funding the Modern American State, 1941–1945: The Rise and Fall of the Era of Easy Finance
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Woodrow Wilson Center, 1996).

29. Stanley Lebergott,
The Americans: An Economic Record
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 407.

30. Gerald Eggert, “Richard Olney and the Income Tax,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, June 1961, 24–25.

31. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 277.

32. Robert Stanley,
Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order: Origins of the Federal Income Tax, 1861–1913
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

33. Robert Higgs,
Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

34. George Bittlingmayer, “Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century,”
Business History Review
, 70, Autumn 1996, 363–401.

35. James Langefeld and David Scheffman, “Evolution or Revolution: What Is the Future of Antitrust?”
Antitrust Bulletin
, 31, Summer 1986, 287–99; Harold Demsetz, “Barriers to Entry,”
American Economic Review
, 72, March 1982, 47–57; Yale Brozen, “Concentration and Profits: Does Concentration Matter?”
Antitrust Bulletin
, 19, 1974, 351–99; George Bittlingmayer and Thomas Hazlett, “DOS Kapital: Has Antitrust Action against Microsoft Created Value in the Computer Industry?”
Journal of Financial Economics
, March 2000, 329–59.

36. Brinkley,
American History
, 769.

37. McClellan,
Historical Moments
, 2:201–2.

38. Gilbert,
History of the Twentieth Century
, I:419.

39. Ibid., I:422.

40. Faragher,
Out of Many
, 652.

41. Murrin,
Liberty, Equality, Power
, 788.

42. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 631.

43. Thomas Kincade,
The Spirit of America
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 107.

44. Max Boas and Steve Chain,
Big Mac: The Unauthorized Story of McDonald’s
(New York: New American Library, 1976), 3.

45. Leckie,
Wars of America
, 633.

46. Gilbert,
History of the Twentieth Century
, I:500.

47. Ibid., I:498.

48. Ibid., I:503.

49. Ibid., I:507.

50. Murrin,
Liberty, Equality, Power
, 794.

51. Gilbert,
History of the Twentieth Century
, I:531.

52. Paul Hollander,
Political Will and Personal Belief: The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 29.

53. T. Arthur Herman,
Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator
(New York: Free Press, 2000), 69.

54. Ibid., 64.

55. Brinkley,
American History
, 792.

56. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 648.

57. Dick Morris,
Power Plays: Win or Lose—How History’s Great Political Leaders Play the Game
(New York: ReganBooks, 2002), 68.

58. Davidson, et al.,
Nation of Nations
, 760.

59. Frederick Allen,
Secret Formula
(New York: Harper Business, 1994), 28–66.

60. Jack High and Clayton A. Coppin, “Wiley and the Whiskey Industry: Strategic Behavior in the Passage of the Pure Food Act,”
Business History Review
, 62, Summer 1988, 286–309.