A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (173 page)

92. Albert Gallatin, “Reports on Roads and Canals,” document No. 250, 10th Congress, 1st session, reprinted in
New American State Papers—Transportation
, vol. 1 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1972).

93. Carter Goodrich,
Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1974 [1960]).

94.
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(White Plains: Kraus International Publications [U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census], 1989), 1114–15.

95. Larson, “Jefferson’s Union,” 362.

96. John R. Nelson Jr.,
Liberty and Property: Political Economy and Policymaking in the New Nation, 1789–1812
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 115–33; Drew R. McCoy,
The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy
(New York: Cambridge, 1989).

97. Burton W. Folsom Jr.,
The Myth of the Robber Barons
(Herndon, VA: Young America’s Foundation, 1991), chap. 1.

98. James Willard Hurst,
Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century United States
(Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964).

99. Morton Horowitz,
The Transformation of American Law
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979).

100. Eric Monkkonen, “Bank of Augusta v. Earle: Corporate Growth vs. States’ Rights,”
Alabama Historical Quarterly
, Summer 1972, 113–30.

101. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 114.

102. Malcolm J. Rohrbough,
The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).

103. “Louisiana Purchase,” in Howard R. Lamar, ed.,
The New Encyclopedia of the American West
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 657–58; Alexander DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana
(New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1976).

104. James Eugene Smith,
One Hundred Years of Hartford’s Courant
(New York: Anchor Books, 1949), 82.

105. Seth Ames, ed.,
Life and Works of Fisher Ames
, 2 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1854), I:323–24.

106. Stephen E. Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the American West
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

107. David Lavender,
The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988).

108. William H. Goetzmann,
Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), and his
New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery
(New York: Viking, 1986).

109. Marshall Smelser,
The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 111.

110. Ellis,
Founding Brothers
, 42.

111. Milton Lomask,
Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice-President, 1756–1805
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), and his
Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and the Years of Exile, 1805–1836
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).

112. William Ray,
Horrors of Slavery, or, The American Tars in Tripoli
(Troy, New York: Oliver Lyon, 1808); Cyrus Brady,
Stephen Decatur
(Boston: Small, Maynard, 1900).

113. Bailyn,
The Great Republic
, 276.

114. Richard B. Morris, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American History, Bicentennial Edition
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 168.

115. Churchill,
Great Republic
, 112.

116. Harry L. Coles,
The War of 1812
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 86.

117. Ibid., 81.

118. Ibid., 71–106.

119. Ibid., 129.

120. Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(New York: Knopf, 1969).

121. Bailyn,
The Great Republic
, 279.

122. Larson, “Jefferson’s Union,” passim.

 

Chapter 6. The First Era of Big Central Government, 1815–36

1. Stuart Flexner and Doris Flexner,
The Pessimist’s Guide to History
, updated ed. (New York: Quill, 2000), 110.

2. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, “Second Bank of the United States and Independent Treasury,” in Larry Schweikart, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance to 1913
, 415–20.

3. Paul Johnson,
A History of the American People
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 288.

4. William N. Gouge,
A Short History of Paper-Money and Banking in the United States…
, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: T. W. Ustik, 1833), II:109.

5. Ralph C. H. Catterall,
The Second Bank of the United States
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903); Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard H. Timberlake Jr.,
The Origins of Central Banking in the United States
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); Larry Schweikart, “Jacksonian Ideology, Currency Control, and Central Banking: A Reappraisal,”
Historian
, 51, November 1988, 78–102; Peter Temin,
The Jacksonian Economy
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1969); Murray N. Rothbard,
The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1962).

6. Jordan and Litwack,
The United States
, 196.

7. Larry Schweikart,
The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 101–2, 112–15.

8. D. E. Engdahl, “John Marshall’s ‘Jeffersonian Concept’ of Judicial Review,”
Duke Law Journal
, 42 (1992), 279–339; E. S. Crowin,
John Marshall and the Constitution
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919); H. J. Pious and G. Baker, “
McCulloch v. Maryland
: Right Principle, Wrong Case,”
Stanford Law Review
, 9 (1957), 710–30; G. Edward White,
The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–1835
(New York: Oxford, 1991); Lawrence Friedman,
A History of American Law
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973). Taylor quoted in Johnson,
History of the American People
, 239.

9. “Rush-Bagot Agreement,” in Richard B. Morris, ed.
The Encyclopedia of American History: Bicentennial Edition
(New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 186.

10. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, II:144.

11. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 128; Joseph J. Fucini and and Suzy Fucini,
Entrepreneurs: The Men and Women Behind Famous Brand Names and How They Made It
(Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985), 13–16.

12.
Cincinnati Enquirer
quoted in William Strauss and Neil Howe,
Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069
(New York: Morrow), 212.

13. William C. Davis,
Three Roads to the Alamo: The Lives and Fortunes of David Crockett, James Bowie, and William Barret Travis
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1999), 99.

14. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 361.

15. Ibid.

16. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, chap. 3, passim.

17. Merrit Roe Smith,
Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology
(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977); David Hounshell,
From the American System to Mass Production
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984); David F. Noble, “Command Performance: A Perspective on the Social and Economic Consequences of Military Enterprise,” in Merrit Roe Smith, ed.,
Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985); Donald Hoke,
Ingenious Yankees: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures in the Private Sector
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1989) and his “Product Design and Cost Considerations: Clock, Watch, and Typewriter Manufacturing in the 19th Century,”
Business and Economic History
, 2nd series, 18 (1989), 119–28.

18. Barbara M. Tucker, “Forms of Ownership and Management,” in Henry C. Dethloff and

C. Joseph Pusateri, eds.,
American Business History: Case Studies
(Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan-Davidson, 1987), 60. Also see Barbara M. Tucker,
Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984).

19. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 79.

20. Ibid., 102; Atack and Passell,
New Economic View of American History
, 150; Carter Goodrich,
Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1960) and his
Canals and American Economic Development
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), and his
The Government and the Economy, 1783–1861
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967); Robert Shaw,
Erie Water West: A History of the Erie Canal, 1792–1854
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1968); Ronald W. Filante, “A Note on the Economic Viability of the Erie Canal, 1825–60,”
Business History Review
, 48, Spring 1974, 95–102;

21. B. R. Burg, “DeWitt Clinton,” in Schweikart, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance to 1913
, 123–30.

22. Atack and Passell,
New American View of American History
, 155–56; Roger Ransom, “Social Returns from Public Transport Investment: A Case Study of the Ohio Canal,”
Journal of Political Economy
, 78, September/October 1970, 1041–64, and his “Interregional Canals and Economic Specialization in the Antebellum United States,”
Explorations in Economic History
, 5, Fall 1967, 12–35.

23. James Mak and Gary M. Walton, “Steamboats and the Great Productivity Surge in River Transportation,”
Journal of Economic History
, 32, 1972, 619–40, and their
Western River Transportation: The Era of Early Internal Development, 1810–1860
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975); Jeremy Atack, et al., “The Profitability of Steamboating on Western Rivers: 1850,”
Business History Review
, 49, Autumn 1975, 350–54; Erik Haites and James Mak, “Ohio and Mississippi River Transportation, 1810–1860,”
Explorations in Economic History
, 8, 1970, 153–80.

24. Wheaton J. Lane,
Commodore Vanderbilt: An Epic of the Steam Age
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942), 148; John G. B. Hutchins,
The American Maritime Industries and Public Policy, 1789–1914
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941). See also Royal Meeker,
History of the Shipping Subsidies
(New York: Macmillan, 1905), 5–11, and Walter T. Dunmore,
Ship Subsidies: An Economic Study of the Policy of Subsidizing Merchant Marines
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1907), 92–103.

25. Schweikart,
Entrepreneurial Adventure
, 107–9.

26. John Steele Gordon,
The Scarlet Woman of Wall Street
(New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1988), 101.

27. John Majewski, “Who Financed the Transportation Revolution? Regional Divergence and Internal Improvements in Antebellum Pennsylvania and Virginia,”
Journal of Economic History
, 56, December 1996, 763–88; John F. Stover,
American Railroads
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961) and his
Iron Road to the West
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1978).

28. Richard R. John,
Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995) and his “Private Mail Delivery in the United States During the Nineteenth Century—a Sketch,” in William J. Hauseman, ed.,
Business and Economic History
, 2nd series, 15, 1986, 131–43.

29. George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Co., 1952), 126.

30. Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge,
Westward Expansion: A History of the American West
, 6th ed. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001), 104.

31. Norman A. Graebner,
Ideas and Diplomacy: Reading in the Intellectual Tradition of the American Foreign Policy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, 214).

32. Metternich quoted in the
Washington National Intelligencer
, December 8, 1823;
L’Etoile
quoted in Dexter Perkins,
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927), 30.

33. Perkins,
Monroe Doctrine
, 30–31.

34. William M. Wiecek, “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: The Distinctiveness of the Southern Constitutional Experience,” in Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely, eds.,
An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South
(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 159–97, quotation on 164.

35. Robert P. Forbes, “Slavery and the Meaning of America, 1819–1833,” Ph.D. Diss., Yale University, 1994.

36. Richard P. McCormick, “New Perspectives on Jacksonian Politics,”
American Historical Review
, 65, October 1959–July 1960, 288–301, quotation on 289.

37. Richard P. McCormick, “Political Development and the Second Party System,” in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds.,
The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development
(London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 90–116, quotation on 107, n. 14. See also his “New Perspectives on Jacksonian Politics,”
American Historical Review
, 65, 1960, 288–301 and his
The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1966).

38. McCormick,
Second American Party System
, 351.

39. Robert V. Remini,
The Jacksonian Era
(Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1989), 12.

40. Robert V. Remini,
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 12–23.

41. Richard H. Brown, “The Missouri Crisis: Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism,” in Stanley N. Katz and Stanley I. Kutler,
New Perspectives on the American Past, vol. 1, 1607–1877
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), 241–56, quotation on 242.

42. Quoted in Remini,
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
, 131.

43. Remini,
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
, 132.

44. Brown, “Missouri Crisis,” 248.

45. Ibid., 244–45.

46. James Stanton Chase, “Jacksonian Democracy and the Rise of the Nominating Convention,”
Mid-America
, 45, 1963, 229–49, quotation on 232.

47. Robert V. Remini,
The Election of Andrew Jackson
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1963), 16.

48. Ibid.

49. Larry Schweikart, “Focus of Power: Henry Clay as Speaker of the House,”
Alabama Historian
, 2, Spring 1981, 88–126.

50. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 323; Glyndon G. van Deusen,
Life of Henry Clay
(Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1937); Robert Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).

51. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 329.

52. Remini,
Election of Andrew Jackson
, 25.

53. Ibid., 28.

54. Ibid., 37.

55. Lynn Marshall, “The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party,”
American Historical Review
, 72, January 1967, 445–69, quotation on 457; Joel H. Silbey, “‘To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs’: The American Political Experience from Andrew Jackson to the Civil War,” in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Bager, eds.
Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 65–92, quotation on 76.

56. Daniel Webster,
The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster
, Fletcher Webster, ed., 2 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1875), I:473; Clay quoted in Johnson,
History of the American People
, 339.

57. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 342.

58. Edward Pessen,
Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics
, rev. ed. (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1978); Sean Wilenz,
Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); Harry L. Watson,
Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1990).

59. Alexander Saxton,
The Rise and Fall of the White Republic
(New York: Verso, 1990).

60. Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832
(New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 261.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid., 263.

63. Alfred A. Cowe, “Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830,”
Historian
, 65 (Winter 2003), 1330–53.

64. Michael P. Rogin,
Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian
(New York: Knopf, 1975).

65. “Proclamation of General Scott, May 10, 1838,” in Glen Fleischmann,
The Cherokee Removal, 1838
(New York: Franklin Watts, 1971), 49–50.

66. Gary E. Moulton, ed.,
The Papers of Chief John Ross
, vol. 1 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 636.

67. “A Native of Maine Traveling in the Western Country,” New York
Observer
, December 1838, quoted in Grant Foreman,
Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians
(Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), 306–307; Francis Paul Prucha, William T. Hagan, and Alvin M. Josephy Jr.,
American Indian Policy
(Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1971).

68. Fleischmann,
Cherokee Removal
, 73.

69. Theda Purdue and Michael Green,
The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents
(Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 174–75.

70. Angie Debo,
And Still the Waters Run: Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973); Anthony F. Wallace,
The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993); Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821
(New York: Harper & Row, 1977).

71. Joseph A. Durrenberger,
Turnpikes: A Study of the Toll Road Movement in the Middle Atlantic States and Maryland
(Valdosta, GA: Southern Stationery and Printing Company, 1931); Robert F. Hunter, “The Turnpike Movement in Virginia, 1816–1860,” Ph.D. Diss., Columbia University, 1957; Daniel B. Klein, “The Voluntary Provision of Public Goods? The Turnpike Companies of Early America,”
Economic Inquiry
, 28, October 1990, 788–812; David Beito, “From Privies to Boulevards: The Private Supply of Infrastructure in the United States During the Nineteenth Century,” in Jerry Jenkins and David E. Sisk, eds.,
Development by Consent: The Voluntary Supply of Public Goods and Services
(San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1993), 23–49.

72. Jordan and Litwack,
United States
, 266.

73. William H. Freehling,
Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836
(New York: Harper & Row, 1966).

74. James L. Huston, “Property Rights in Slaves and the Coming of the Civil War,”
Journal of Southern History
, 79, May 1999, 248–86, quotation on 261.

75. Jordan and Litwack,
United States
, 228.

76. Ibid., 229.

77. Gillon and Matson,
American Experiment
, 383.

78. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 1:458.